The Dáesh (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) (ISIL; Arabic: الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام
The Dáesh (
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) (
ISIL;
Arabic: الدولة الإسلامية في
العراق والشام), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and
Syria (
ISIS, /ˈaɪsɨs/), the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham,[28] or simply
Islamic State (IS),[29] is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group, self-proclaimed to be a caliphate and
Islamic state. It is led by and mainly composed of
Sunni Arabs from
Iraq and Syria.
As of March 2015, it has control over territory occupied by
10 million people in Iraq and Syria, and through loyal local groups, has control over small areas of
Libya,
Nigeria and
Afghanistan. The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including
North Africa and
South Asia.[30][31][32][33][34][35]
The group is known in Arabic as ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām, leading to the acronym Da'
ish or Daesh (داعش,
Arabic pronunciation: [ˈdaːʕiʃ]),[36][37] the Arabic equivalent of "ISIL". On 29 June 2014, the group proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate, with
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi being named its caliph, and renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah (الدولة الإسلامية, "Islamic State" (IS)). As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide, and that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas".[28][38][39][40]
The United Nations has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and
Amnesty International has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a "historic scale". The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the
United Nations, the
European Union and member states, the
United States,
India,
Indonesia,
Israel,
Turkey,
Saudi Arabia, Syria and other countries. Over 60 countries are directly or indirectly waging war against ISIL.
The group originated as
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in
1999, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in
2004. The group participated in the
Iraqi insurgency that followed the
March 2003 invasion of Iraq by
Western forces. In
January 2006, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the
Mujahideen Shura Council, which proclaimed the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq (
ISI) in
October 2006. After the
Syrian Civil War began in
March 2011, the ISI, under the leadership of al-Baghdadi, sent delegates into Syria in
August 2011. These fighters named themselves Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli ash-Shām—al-Nusra
Front—and established a large presence in Sunni-majority areas of Syria, within the governorates of Ar-Raqqah,
Idlib,
Deir ez-Zor, and
Aleppo. In
April 2013, al-Baghdadi announced the merger of the ISI with al-Nusra Front and that the name of the reunited group was now the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). However, Abu
Mohammad al-Julani and
Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leaders of al-Nusra and al-Qaeda respectively, rejected the merger. After an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with ISIL on
3 February 2014, citing its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence". In Syria, the group has conducted ground attacks on both government forces and rebel factions in the Syrian Civil War. The group gained prominence after it drove
Iraqi government forces out of key cities in western Iraq in an offensive initiated in early 2014. Iraq's territorial loss almost caused a collapse of the Iraqi government and prompted a renewal of
US military action in Iraq