Safe areas on a PAL screen.
Red: Invisible area
Yellow: Action safe area
Green: Title safe area

Safe area is a term used in television production to describe the areas of the television picture that can be seen on television screens.

Older televisions can display less of the space outside of the safe area than ones made more recently. Flat panel screens, Plasma displays and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens generally can show most of the picture outside the safe areas.

The use of safe areas in television production ensures that the most important parts of the picture are seen by the majority of viewers.

The size of the title safe area is typically specified in pixels or percent. The NTSC and PAL analog television standards do not specify official overscan amounts, and producers of television programming use their own guidelines.

Title safe area[link]

The title safe area is, in television broadcasting, a rectangular area which is far enough in from the four edges, such that text or graphics show neatly: with a margin and without distortion. This is applied against a worst case of on-screen location and display type. Typically corners would require more space from the edges, but due to increased quality of the average display this is no longer the concern it used to be, even on CRTs.

If the editor of the content does not take care to ensure that all titles are inside the title safe area, some titles in the content could have their edges chopped off when viewed in some screens.^[1][2]

Video editing programs that can output video for either television or the Web can take the title safe area into account. In Apple's consumer-grade NLE software iMovie, the user is advised to uncheck the QT Margins checkbox for content meant for television, and to check it for content meant only for QuickTime on a computer.^[3] Final Cut Pro, a professional software package, can show two overlay rectangles in both its Viewer and Canvas; the inner rectangle is the title safe area and the outer rectangle is the action safe area.^[4]

In the illustration, the green area is referred to as the "title safe" area (note that these colors are for illustration only and do not appear on the television screens). This area will be seen by all television screens, no matter when they were made, unless the user has modified the settings. The term "title safe" originated from the fact this is where it is safe to display text such as lower thirds or full-screen graphics listing information such as telephone numbers.

Action safe area[link]

Depending on how a television set is adjusted, viewers can see a larger area than the title safe area. The action safe area is a larger rectangle, consisting of the green title safe area and a rectangle around it shown in yellow. As of 2007^[update], most television stations and networks will place information within this area. This area can be considered the "margin" of the television screen in that picture elements are generally kept out of this area to create a buffer around the edge of the screen so elements don't pile up against the edge of the screen. If the station uses a permanent digital on-screen graphic, it is placed just near the corner of the yellow area.

However, the yellow area might be used if the television station wants the information to block against the edge of the screen. For example, many stations place tickers that run horizontally in some of the yellow area.

Action safe area is applied against a worst case of on-screen location and display type.

Overscan[link]

The red border in the illustration represents the overscan, the area of the active picture outside the action safe area. It is not shown on most consumer television screens, unless the user modifies the television's settings. It is generally considered safe to have elements that shouldn't be seen by the viewers placed in this area, such as the edge of the set or cables and other equipment. However, some television production personnel don't place anything in this area they don't want viewers to see because the red area is always transmitted and could potentially be seen by a viewer with the correct equipment. Television stations generally have professional-grade monitors that can be put into "underscan" mode. These monitors often include white lines showing where the title safe and safe areas are located. In addition, TV tuner cards and DVD players for personal computers often show the entire picture.

The action safe area (green + yellow) and overscan area (red) make up the entire transmitted image, or active picture.

In addition to active picture, analog broadcast signals contain "black" areas that provide timings and control. When applying digital compression such as MPEG-4, it is only sensible to compress picture that actually exists, and active picture is what is used — including areas not available in action safe areas. (MPEG-2 is a bad example, since it has many ties to analogue broadcasting, and employs only a few set sizes; this is why it will always capture nominal analogue blanking in addition to the active picture next to it.)

Since there is such a wide variety of television screens that may display pictures slightly differently, programs produced in 4:3 aspect ratio are transmitted with picture information in the yellow and red areas to ensure the picture takes up the entire screen with no black area around the edges. Widescreen programs in 14:9 or 16:9 aspect ratio, on the other hand, are produced with zero overscan at the top and bottom of the picture, where the letterbox bars appear on a 4:3 television.

Editing[link]

Some video editing software packages for non-linear editing systems (NLE) solutions have a setting which shows the safe areas while editing.

Adobe After Effects[link]

Adobe After Effects can show safe areas overlay in composition view.

Adobe Premiere Pro[link]

Adobe Premiere Pro asks user to specify safe areas during project creation.

Sony Vegas Pro[link]

In Sony Vegas Pro, this setting is found just above the preview in Overlays >> Safe Areas.

Thompson Grass Valley - Edius[link]

In Edius, the "action safe" and "title safe" area is set and selected in the application settings menu.

Final Cut Pro[link]

In Final Cut Pro, users can enable both title and action safe overlays in the canvas and/or viewer by selecting the appropriate window and going to View -> Show Title Safe.

Avid Media Composer[link]

In Avid Media Composer, users can enable both title and action safe overlays in the Source/Record monitors by selecting the appropriate monitor and turning on the grid in the fast menu. Grid settings can be adjusted from the Project Window. A range of presets are available for film and television formats.

See also[link]

• Overscan
• Tutorial: To create a 'Title-Safe' Template using Adobe Flash

References[link]

The combined area of these three shapes is between 15 and 16 squares.

Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape in the plane. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analog of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).

The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square metre (m²), which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long.^[1] A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number.

There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and circles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles.^[2] For shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a major motivation for the historical development of calculus.^[3]

For a solid shape such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder, the area of its boundary surface is called the surface area. Formulas for the surface areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks, but computing the surface area of a more complicated shape usually requires multivariable calculus.

Area plays an important role in modern mathematics. In addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry.^[4] In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure,^[5] though not every subset is measurable. In general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions.

Formal definition[link]

An approach to defining what is meant by area is through axioms. For example, we may define area as a function a from a collection M of special kind of plane figures (termed measurable sets) to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties:

• For all S in M, a(S) ≥ 0.
• If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, and also a(S∪T) = a(S) + a(T) − a(S∩T).
• If S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a(T−S) = a(T) − a(S).
• If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M and a(S) = a(T).
• Every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a(R) = hk.
• Let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T. A step region is formed from a finite union of adjacent rectangles resting on a common base, i.e. S ⊆ Q ⊆ T. If there is a unique number c such that a(S) ≤ c ≤ a(T) for all such step regions S and T, then a(Q) = c.

It can be proved that such an area function actually exists. (See, for example, Elementary Geometry from an Advanced Standpoint by Edwin Moise.)

Units[link]

A square metre quadrat made of PVC pipe.

Every unit of length has a corresponding unit of area, namely the area of a square with the given side length. Thus areas can be measure in square metres (m²), square centimetres (cm²), square millimetres (mm²), square kilometres (km²), square feet (ft²), square yards (yd²), square miles (mi²), and so forth. Algebraically, these units can be thought of as the squares of the corresponding length units.

The SI unit of area is the square metre, which is considered an SI derived unit.

Conversions[link]

Although there are 10 mm in 1 cm, there are 100 mm² in 1 cm².

The conversion between two square units is the square of the conversion between the corresponding length units. For example, since

1 foot = 12 inches,

the relationship between square feet and square inches is

1 square foot = 144 square inches,

where 144 = 12² = 12 × 12. Similarly:

• 1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 square meters
• 1 square meter = 10,000 square centimetres = 1,000,000 square millimetres
• 1 square centimetre = 100 square millimetres
• 1 square yard = 9 square feet
• 1 square mile = 3,097,600 square yards = 27,878,400 square feet

In addition,

• 1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimetres
• 1 square foot = 0.09290304 square metres
• 1 square yard = 0.83612736 square metres
• 1 square mile = 2.589988110336 square kilometres

Other units[link]

There are several other common units for area. The are was the original unit of area in the metric system, with

• 1 are = 100 square metres

Though the are has fallen out of use, the hectare is still commonly used to measure land:

• 1 hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 square metres = 0.01 square kilometres

Other uncommon metric units of area include the tetrad, the hectad, and the myriad.

The acre is also commonly used to measure land areas, where

• 1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet.

An acre is approximately 40% of a hectare.

On the atomic scale, area is measured in units of barns, such that,

• 1 barn = 10⁻²⁸ square meters.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

Basic area formula[link]

Rectangles[link]

The area of this rectangle is lw.

The most basic area formula is the formula for the area of a rectangle. Given a rectangle with length l and w, the formula for the area is

A = lw  (rectangle).

That is, the area of the rectangle is the length multiplied by the width. As a special case, the area of a square with side length s is given by the formula

A = s²  (square).

The formula for the area of a rectangle follows directly from the basic properties of area, and is sometimes taken as a definition or axiom. On the other hand, if geometry is developed before arithmetic, this formula can be used to define multiplication of real numbers.

Equal area figures.

Dissection formulae[link]

Most other simple formulae for area follow from the method of dissection. This involves cutting a shape into pieces, whose areas must sum to the area of the original shape.

For an example, any parallelogram can be subdivided into a trapezoid and a right triangle, as shown in figure to the left. If the triangle is moved to the other side of the trapezoid, then the resulting figure is a rectangle. It follows that the area of the parallelogram is the same as the area of the rectangle:

A = bh  (parallelogram).

Two equal triangles.

However, the same parallelogram can also be cut along a diagonal into two congruent triangles, as shown in the figure to the right. It follows that the area of each triangle is half the area of the parallelogram:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A = \frac{1}{2}bh

 (triangle).

Similar arguments can be used to find area formulae for the trapezoid and the rhombus, as well as more complicated polygons.

Circles[link]

A circle can be divided into sectors which rearrange to form an approximate parallelogram.

The formula for the area of a circle is based on a similar method. Given a circle of radius r, it is possible to partition the circle into sectors, as shown in the figure to the right. Each sector is approximately triangular in shape, and the sectors can be rearranged to form and approximate parallelogram. The height of this parallelogram is r, and the width is half the circumference of the circle, or πr. Thus, the total area of the circle is r × πr, or πr²:

A = πr²  (circle).

Though the dissection used in this formula is only approximate, the error becomes smaller and smaller as the circle is partitioned into more and more sectors. The limit of the areas of the approximate parallelograms is exactly πr², which is the area of the circle.

This argument is actually a simple application of the ideas of calculus. In ancient times, the method of exhaustion was used in a similar way to find the area of the circle, and this method is now recognized as a precursor to integral calculus. Using modern methods, the area of a circle can be computed using a definite integral:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A \;=\; \int_{-r}^r 2\sqrt{r^2 - x^2}\,dx \;=\; \pi r^2.

Surface area[link]

Archimedes showed that the surface area and volume of a sphere is exactly 2/3 of the area and volume of the surrounding cylindrical surface.

Most basic formulae for surface area can be obtained by cutting surfaces and flattening them out. For example, if the side surface of a cylinder (or any prism) is cut lengthwise, the surface can be flattened out into a rectangle. Similarly, if a cut is made along the side of a cone, the side surface can be flattened out into a sector of a circle, and the resulting area computed.

The formula for the surface area of a sphere is more difficult: because the surface of a sphere has nonzero Gaussian curvature, it cannot be flattened out. The formula for the surface area of a sphere was first obtained by Archimedes in his work On the Sphere and Cylinder. The formula is

A = 4πr²  (sphere).

where r is the radius of the sphere. As with the formula for the area of a circle, any derivation of this formula inherently uses methods similar to calculus.

List of formulae[link]

is the length of one side of the triangle.

is half the perimeter, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c
are the length of each side.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b
are any two sides, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): C
is the angle between them.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h
are the base and altitude (measured perpendicular to the base), respectively.

is the length of one side of the square.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): w
are the lengths of the rectangle's sides (length and width).

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b
are the lengths of the two diagonals of the rhombus.

is the length of the base and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h
is the perpendicular height.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b
are the parallel sides and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h
the distance (height) between the parallels.

is the length of one side of the hexagon.

is the length of one side of the octagon.

     is the side length and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): n
is the number of sides.

     is the perimeter and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): n
is the number of sides.

     is the radius of a circumscribed circle, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): r
is the radius of an inscribed circle, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): n
is the number of sides.

is the apothem, or the radius of an inscribed circle in the polygon, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): p
is the perimeter of the polygon.

is the radius and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): d
the diameter.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \theta
are the radius and angle (in radians), respectively.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): b
are the semi-major and semi-minor axes, respectively.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h
are the radius and height, respectively.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h
are the radius and height, respectively.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): l
are the radius and slant height, respectively.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): l
are the radius and slant height, respectively.

and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): d
are the radius and diameter, respectively.

is the base area, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P
is the base perimeter and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): L
is the slant height.

is the area of the square in square units.

is the area of the circle in circular units.

The above calculations show how to find the area of many common shapes.

The area of irregular polygons can be calculated using the "Surveyor's formula".^[6]

Additional formulae[link]

Areas of 2-dimensional figures[link]

• a triangle: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac12Bh

(where B is any side, and h is the distance from the line on which B lies to the other vertex of the triangle). This formula can be used if the height h is known. If the lengths of the three sides are known then Heron's formula can be used: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}
where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): s = \tfrac12(a + b + c)
is half of its perimeter. If an angle and its two included sides are given, the area is Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac12 a b \sin(C)
where C is the given angle and a and b are its included sides.  If the triangle is graphed on a coordinate plane, a matrix can be used and is simplified to the absolute value of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tfrac12(x_1 y_2 + x_2 y_3 + x_3 y_1 - x_2 y_1 - x_3 y_2 - x_1 y_3)

. This formula is also known as the shoelace formula and is an easy way to solve for the area of a coordinate triangle by substituting the 3 points (x₁,y₁), (x₂,y₂), and (x₃,y₃). The shoelace formula can also be used to find the areas of other polygons when their vertices are known. Another approach for a coordinate triangle is to use Infinitesimal calculus to find the area.

• a simple polygon constructed on a grid of equal-distanced points (i.e., points with integer coordinates) such that all the polygon's vertices are grid points: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): i + \frac{b}{2} - 1

, where i is the number of grid points inside the polygon and b is the number of boundary points. This result is known as Pick's theorem.

Area in calculus[link]

Integration can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by f(x), between two points (here a and b).

The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference between the integrals of the two functions

• The area between a positive-valued curve and the horizontal axis, measured between two values a and b (b>a) on the horizontal axis, is given by the integral from a to b of the function that represents the curve.
• The area between the graphs of two functions is equal to the integral of one function, f(x), minus the integral of the other function, g(x).
• An area bounded by a function r = r(θ) expressed in polar coordinates is Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): {1 \over 2} \int_0^{2\pi} r^2 \, d\theta

.

• The area enclosed by a parametric curve Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \vec u(t) = (x(t), y(t))

with endpoints Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.):  \vec u(t_0) = \vec u(t_1) 
is given by the line integrals

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \oint_{t_0}^{t_1} x \dot y \, dt = - \oint_{t_0}^{t_1} y \dot x \, dt = {1 \over 2} \oint_{t_0}^{t_1} (x \dot y - y \dot x) \, dt

(see Green's theorem) or the z-component of

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): {1 \over 2} \oint_{t_0}^{t_1} \vec u \times \dot{\vec u} \, dt.

Surface area of 3-dimensional figures[link]

• cone: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi r\left(r + \sqrt{r^2 + h^2}\right)

, where r is the radius of the circular base, and h is the height. That can also be rewritten as Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi r^2 + \pi r l

where r is the radius and l is the slant height of the cone. Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi r^2 
is the base area while Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi r l 
is the lateral surface area of the cone.

• cube: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 6s^2

, where s is the length of an edge.

• cylinder: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 2\pi r(r + h)

, where r is the radius of a base and h is the height. The 2Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi r can also be rewritten as Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \pi

d, where d is the diameter.

• prism: 2B + Ph, where B is the area of a base, P is the perimeter of a base, and h is the height of the prism.
• pyramid: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): B + \frac{PL}{2}

, where B is the area of the base, P is the perimeter of the base, and L is the length of the slant.

• rectangular prism: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 2 (\ell w + \ell h + w h)

, where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \ell

is the length, w is the width, and h is the height.

General formula[link]

The general formula for the surface area of the graph of a continuously differentiable function Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): z=f(x,y),

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (x,y)\in D\subset\mathbb{R}^2
and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): D
is a region in the xy-plane with the smooth boundary:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A=\iint_D\sqrt{\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right)^2+\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right)^2+1}\,dx\,dy.

Even more general formula for the area of the graph of a parametric surface in the vector form Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r}(u,v),

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathbf{r}
is a continuously differentiable vector function of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (u,v)\in D\subset\mathbb{R}^2

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): A=\iint_D \left|\frac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial u}\times\frac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial v}\right|\,du\,dv.

^[4]

Minimization[link]

Given a wire contour, the surface of least area spanning ("filling") it is a minimal surface. Familiar examples include soap bubbles.

The question of the filling area of the Riemannian circle remains open.

See also[link]

• Equi-areal mapping
• Integral
• Orders of magnitude (area)—A list of areas by size.
• Perimeter
• Planimeter, an instrument for measuring small areas, e.g. on maps.
• Volume

References[link]

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Area

Look up area in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Weisstein, Eric W., "Area" from MathWorld.
• Area Calculator
• Area formulas
• Conversion cable diameter to circle cross-sectional area and vice versa

Joel M. Skousen is an American conservative political commentator^[1] non-fiction Survivalist author, and retreat consultant who specializes in preparedness topics, particularly survival retreat and fallout shelter design and construction, as well as in what he calls "strategic relocation."^[2] Skousen is the founder and chief editor of World Affairs Brief,^[3] a weekly news-analysis service. He has offered in both North and Central America consultation regarding architectural and retreat design.^[4]

Skousen has written several books. including Essential Principles for the Conservation of Liberty, Strategic Relocation—North American Guide to Safe Places, The Secure Home, Survival Home Manual: Architectural Design, Construction, and Remodeling Of Self-Sufficient Residences and Retreats, and How to Implement a High Security Shelter in the Home. He also published a booklet titled 10 Packs for Survival, which he has also posted to several web sites.^[5]

Skousen designs and consults on hardened retreat homes,^[6] often including fallout shelters with HEPA air filtration systems. In the book Dancing at Armageddon: Survivalism and Chaos in Modern Times by Richard G. Mitchell, Jr., (2001) Skousen was quoted: "'You never want to make a house look like an obvious fortress. Those who want in can always move up a bigger gun. There is no way you can design a home to withstand RPG (Rocket-propelled grenade) rockets and tanks. I design these homes so you virtually cannot tell inside or out that they are any different from a conventional home.'"^[7]

Because of its low population density and diverse economy, both Skousen^[8] and survivalist writer James Wesley Rawles ^[9] recommend the Intermountain west region of the United States, as a preferred region for relocation and setting up survival retreats.

Skousen was raised in Oregon and later served as a USMC fighter pilot during the Vietnam Era. During the 1980s Skousen was the Chairman of the Conservative National Committee. He was also the Executive Editor of Conservative Digest.^[10]

In late 2007, Skousen gained attention^{[citation needed]} when he gave his support to Ron Paul rather than to fellow LDS church member Mitt Romney in the 2008 US presidential campaign, in a widely-circulated YouTube video clip.^[11] After John McCain became the Republican Party's presumptive nominee in early 2008, Skousen also endorsed Pastor Chuck Baldwin of the Constitution Party: "As Ron Paul goes back to Congress to continue the fight there, I believe Chuck Baldwin is the person to continue the fight during this election cycle and beyond."^[12]

Joel Skousen is the older brother of Mark Skousen and the younger brother of Royal Skousen. The three Skousen brothers are the nephews of conservative author and commentator Cleon Skousen.^[10]

Books[link]

• Survival Home Manual: Architectural Design, Construction, and Remodeling Of Self-Sufficient Residences and Retreats, ISBN 1-199-30639-6 (1982)

• Essential Principles for the Conservation of Liberty, ISBN 1-199-30661-4 (1984)

• How to Implement a High Security Shelter in the Home, ISBN 1-199-30652-4 (1998)

• The Secure Home, ISBN 1-199-30672-0 (May, 1999)

• Strategic Relocation—North American Guide to Safe Places, ISBN 1-56861-053-X (various editions, latest listed is February, 2006)

Quotes[link]

This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process.

• Many Christians think it is wonderful anytime government officials mention God or quote from the Bible. I take strong exception, and not because I believe it is improper for government officials to appeal to God. I simply object to dropping the name of God or quoting scripture to cover for evil, and otherwise convince naive troops and Christians in general that an evil cause is just.^[13]

• More than ever, I still consider the nuclear attack on America as inevitable, both because the real axis of evil (Russia and China) are still building for that attack, and because our own government is controlled by those intent upon destroying US sovereignty and delivering our nation over to a socialist New World Order (NWO). [2006]^[14]

• The one thing you can learn from the liberal and controlled media, including arch liberal newspapers like the Washington Post, NY Times, and LA Times, is the direction in which the conspiracy against liberty is going. I spend about a third of my time watching what the opposition does. When they start uniformly promoting certain issues in all the liberal journals (global warming, smart growth, gun control, etc.), it is obvious that there is some coordination going on. But remember, you can only learn to see through the selectively filtered news dispensed by the establishment media if you have other sources that feed you the missing pieces.^[15]

• In terms of unity, we are at a real disadvantage up against the left. It only takes one thing in common for “liberals” to unite. It only takes one difference of opinion for conservatives to divide.^[16]

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	United States Marine Corps portal

• Self-sufficiency
• Intentional Community
• Blast shelter

References[link]

External links[link]

• Skousen's web site
• World Affairs Brief, Joel Skousen's weekly news analysis
• 10 Packs for Survival
• Joel Skousen Bill of Rights Day Speech, Salt Lake City, Utah. December 15, 2007