Sengupta (or Sen Gupta) is a surname of Bengali origin. They belong to the Vaidya-Brahmin community. "Gupta" is appended as a title (It's a practice hardly 250 years old), but during religious and marital rites, they use the original surname "Sen Sharma". Most of the Senguptas are mainly from two gotras : Dhanvantari (Rishi Angirasa lineage) and Shaktri (Rishi Vasistha lineage). Dhanvantari Sens are descendants of Pandit Budhsen (or his descendant Raja Shriharsha Sen) whereas Shaktris are descendants of Pandit Shaktidhar Sen. These two were Vedic scholars and Ayurvedic practitioners in Kannauj (U.P) and were invited to King Adishur's court in Bengal along with two other Ayurvedic Scholars Pandit Kavidas (ancestor of Moudgalya gotra Dasguptas) and Pandit Sumati Gupta (Kashyap gotra Guptas' ancestor) in 10th century. Senguptas of Vaishwanar (Related to Ballal Sena family), Krishnatreya, Mudgal, Atreya gotra are also found rarely.

Sen Vaidyas prefer to distinguish themselves from other caste people carrying the same surname Sen. Hence they started to append Gupta (From 'Goptri', a royal title) or Sharma (Their original surname) with Sen, but there are exceptions also, like the Nobel-laureate Amartya Sen's family and many more, who are Vaidyas but do not append 'Gupta' or the Caste-title Sharma.