- published: 16 Aug 2012
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A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than optics. Thus, one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the spectrum of activity of a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within a spectrum may not be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or definitions. Such uses imply a broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped together and studied under a single title for ease of discussion.
In most modern usages of spectrum there is a unifying theme between extremes at either end. Some older usages of the word did not have a unifying theme, but they led to modern ones through a sequence of events set out below. Modern usages in mathematics did evolve from a unifying theme, but this may be difficult to recognize.
Adam Richard Wiles (born 17 January 1984), better known by his stage name Calvin Harris, is a Scottish DJ, singer, songwriter, and record producer. His gold-selling debut album, I Created Disco, was released in 2007 and contained the top ten singles "Acceptable in the 80s" and "The Girls". His second studio album, Ready for the Weekend (2009), reached number one in the UK Album Chart and includes the chart-topper "I'm Not Alone", the UK top five hit "Ready for the Weekend", and the singles "Flashback" and "You Used to Hold Me".
A remix album titled L.E.D. Festival was released in July 2010 as a free album in the August issue of Mixmag. Harris is currently working on his third studio album—due for release in 2012—which has produced the singles "Awooga", "Bounce", "Feel So Close", and "Let's Go". He has written and produced records for other recording artists including Kylie Minogue, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Dizzee Rascal, Rihanna (on the international chart topper "We Found Love"), and Kesha.
William C. Cobham (born May 16, 1944 in Panama) is a Panamanian American jazz drummer, composer and bandleader, who permanently relocated to Switzerland during the late 1970s.
Coming to prominence in the late 1960s and early 1970s with trumpeter Miles Davis and then with Mahavishnu Orchestra, Allmusic's reviewer claims Cobham is "generally acclaimed as fusion's greatest drummer with an influential style that combines explosive power and exacting precision.
Born in Panama, Cobham's family moved to New York City during his early childhood. A drummer from his youth, Cobham attended New York's High School of Music and Art, graduating in 1962.
He played in a U.S. Army Band from 1965 to 1968. Following his discharge, Cobham joined an ensemble led by pianist Horace Silver for about a year, also playing or recording with saxophonist Stanley Turrentine, organist Shirley Scott, and guitarist George Benson.
Cobham branched out to jazz fusion, which blended elements of jazz, rock and roll and funk, playing and recording with the Brecker Brothers (notably in their 1970-founded group Dreams), and guitarist John Abercrombie, before recording and touring extensively with trumpeter Miles Davis. Cobham's work with Davis appears on A Tribute to Jack Johnson, among other recordings. Cobham is also one of the first drummers to play open-handed lead: a drummer that plays on a right-handed set but leads with his left hand on the hi-hat instead of crossing over with his right (and also has his ride cymbal on the left side, instead of the traditional right). He typically plays with multiple toms and double bass drums and was well known in the '70s for his large drum kits.
Actors: Melissa Disney (actress), Peter Pamela Rose (actress), Fred Tatasciore (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Fred Tatasciore (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Rob Schneider (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Jason Harris (actor), Jason Harris (miscellaneous crew), Sondra James (actress),
Plot: Top Cat and the gang face a new police chief, who is not at all happy with officer Dibble's performance in trying to prevent Top Cat's scams. Strickland, the new police chief, will test Top Cat and his gang while proving to be the greatest foe Top Cat has ever encountered.
Genres: Action, Animation, Comedy, Family,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,Actors: Andy Schofield (actor), Houston King (miscellaneous crew), Stephen R. Campanella (actor), Stephen R. Campanella (producer), Michael Emanuel (miscellaneous crew), Seth Carmichael (miscellaneous crew), Christopher Pizzo (miscellaneous crew), Tegan Summer (actor), Scott Davis (actor), Mark W. Johnson (actor), James Kisicki (actor), Bill Caco (actor), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (miscellaneous crew), Vsevolod Horodyskyj (actor), Kailyne Waters (miscellaneous crew),
Plot: Humanity is on the verge of extinction after nuclear fallout from the war renders every living thing on Earth infertile. Chancellor Derek Strombourg, mourning the death of his daughter, must find the one person whose genetic structure can bring life to thousands of dormant human clones. Fighting him is an underground rebellion struggling to prevent this awesome power from falling into the hands of Derek's new world order.
Genres: Sci-Fi, Thriller,