John Robert Lewis (born
February 21,
1940) is an
American politician, and civil rights leader. He is the
U.S. Representative for
Georgia's 5th congressional district, serving since
1987, and is the dean of the
Georgia congressional delegation. The district includes the northern three-quarters of
Atlanta.
Lewis is the only living "
Big Six" leader of the
American Civil Rights Movement, having been the chairman of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (
SNCC), playing a key role in the struggle to end legalized racial discrimination and segregation. A member of the
Democratic Party, Lewis is a member of the
Democratic leadership of the
House of Representatives and has served in the
Whip organization since shortly after his first election to the
U.S. Congress.
He is
Senior Chief Deputy Whip, leading an organization of chief deputy whips and serves as the primary assistant to the Democratic Whip. He has held this position since
1991.
By
1963, he was recognized as one of the "Big Six" leaders of the
Civil Rights Movement, along with
Whitney Young,
A. Phillip Randolph,
James Farmer and
Roy Wilkins. In that year, Lewis helped plan the historic
March on Washington in
August 1963, the occasion of
Dr. King's celebrated "
I Have a Dream" speech.
Currently, he is the last remaining speaker from the march. Lewis represented SNCC, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and at 23 was the youngest speaker that day.[4]
In 1964, Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for "
Mississippi Freedom Summer," a campaign to register black voters across the
South. The
Freedom Summer was an attempt to expose college students from around the country to the perils of African-American life in the South. Lewis traveled the country encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people in
Mississippi, the most recalcitrant state in the union, to register and vote. Lewis became nationally known during his prominent role in the
Selma to Montgomery marches. On March 7,
1965 – a day that would become known as "
Bloody Sunday" – Lewis and fellow activist
Hosea Williams led over 600 marchers across the
Edmund Pettus Bridge in
Selma, Alabama.
At the end of the bridge, they were met by
Alabama State Troopers who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged tear gas and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with night sticks.
Lewis's skull was fractured, but he escaped across the bridge, to a church in
Selma. Before he could be taken to the hospital,
John Lewis appeared before the television cameras calling on
President Johnson to intervene in
Alabama. On his head, Lewis bears scars that are still visible today.
Historian Howard Zinn wrote: "At the great
Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that heard
Martin Luther King's
I Have a Dream speech, was prepared to ask the right question: '
Which side is the federal government on?' That sentence was eliminated from his speech by organizers of the March to avoid offending the
Kennedy Administration. But Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had experienced, again and again, the strange passivity of the national government in the face of
Southern violence."
Lewis opposed the
U.S. waging of the
1991 Gulf War,
NAFTA, and the
2000 trade agreement with
China that passed the
House. Lewis opposed the
Clinton administration on NAFTA and welfare reform.[24] After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"[30] In
1994, when
Clinton was considering invading
Haiti, Lewis, in contrast to the
Congressional Black Caucus as a whole, opposed armed intervention.[31] When Clinton did send troops to Haiti, Lewis called for supporting the troops and called the intervention a "mission of
peace".[32] In
1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against
Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if
American forces were ordered into action.[33] In
2001, three days after the
September 11 attacks, Lewis voted to give
Bush authority to retaliate in a vote that was 420–1; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.[26] In
2002, he sponsored the
Peace Tax Fund bill, a conscientious objection to military taxation initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since
1972.[34] Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of
President Bush" and the Iraq war.[11]
The Associated Press said he was "the first major House figure to suggest impeaching
George W. Bush," arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the
National Security Agency to conduct wiretaps without a warrant. Lewis said, "He is not
King, he is president."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_%28politician%29
- published: 10 Jan 2015
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