- published: 04 Nov 2015
- views: 1021075
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH3). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged or protonated substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (NR4+), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups (indicated by R).
The ammonium ion is generated when ammonia, a weak base, reacts with Brønsted acids (proton donors):
The ammonium ion is mildly acidic, reacting with Brønsted bases to return to the uncharged ammonia molecule:
Thus, treatment of concentrated solutions of ammonium salts with strong base gives ammonia. When ammonia is dissolved in water, a tiny amount of it converts to ammonium ions:
The degree to which ammonia forms the ammonium ion depends on the pH of the solution. If the pH is low, the equilibrium shifts to the right: more ammonia molecules are converted into ammonium ions. If the pH is high (the concentration of hydrogen ions is low), the equilibrium shifts to the left: the hydroxide ion abstracts a proton from the ammonium ion, generating ammonia.
Ammonium dichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Cr2O7. In this compound, as in all chromates and dichromates, chromium is in a +6 oxidation state, commonly known as hexavalent chromium. It is a salt consisting of ammonium ions and dichromate ions.
Ammonium dichromate is sometimes known as Vesuvian Fire, because of its use in demonstrations of tabletop "volcanoes". However, this demonstration has become unpopular in schools due to the compound's carcinogenic nature. It has also been used in pyrotechnics and in the early days of photography.
At room temperature and pressure, the compound exists as orange, acidic crystals soluble in water and alcohol. It is formed by the action of chromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallisation.
The (NH4)2Cr2O7 crystal (C2/c, z=4) contains a single type of ammonium ion, at sites of symmetry C1(2,3). Each NH4+ centre is surrounded irregularly by eight oxygen atoms at N—O distances ranging from ca. 2.83 to ca. 3.17 Å, typical of hydrogen bonds.
The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate salt of ammonium, has the chemical formula NH4NO3, simplified to N2H4O3. It is a white crystalline solid and is highly soluble in water. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer. The compound is used as an explosive in mining, and also sometimes in improvised explosive devices. It is the main component of ANFO, a popular explosive, which accounts for 80% of explosives used in North America. It is used in some instant cold packs, as hydrating the salt is an endothermic process, though it is being phased out of use in many countries due to concerns over its potential for use in improvised explosive devices and the synthesis of illicit substances. Ammonium nitrate has also been controversially used as a cheap airbag propellant in automobile airbags, most notably by the Takata Corporation.
Ammonium nitrate is found as a natural mineral (ammonia nitre—the ammonium analogue of saltpetre and other nitre minerals such as sodium nitrate) in the driest regions of the Atacama Desert in Chile, often as a crust on the ground and/or in conjunction with other nitrate, chlorate, iodate, and halide minerals. Ammonium nitrate was mined there in the past, but virtually 100% of the chemical now used is synthetic.
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AMMONIUM NITRATE
In this video we make ammonium nitrate from various off-the-shelf chemicals. Note: This is not cheaper than buying it directly, once again our objective is to explore the chemistry. Warning: The chemicals are corrosive and ammonia has a horrible smell, work outside or in a fumehood and wear gloves. First get 138 grams of sodium bisulfate and add just enough water to dissolve it, usually 300mL. Then get one mole equivalent of a pure nitrate salt. Some common salts include: Sodium nitrate: 85 grams. Potassium nitrate: 101 grams. Calcium nitrate: 118 grams (if using tetrahydrate) Dissolve the nitrate in a minimum of water, then mix the two solutions together. Neutralize the mixture with ammonia (using a pH meter to determine the endpoint). Filter the mixture to get ...
Description: Kandahar, Afghanistan - 749TH Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Company and Troop C, 1-10 CAV Quick Reaction Force picking up Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer from the Afghan National Police Station. The fertilizer is banned in Afghanistan because it's an easy ingredient for Home Made Explosives (HME) used by insurgents. 749TH EOD sets up and detonates the fertilizer between mountains for a beautiful explosion. VIRIN: 110916-A-GT718-001 Date: 19 SEPT 2011 Reporter: Staff Sgt. Walter Talens Submitting Unit: 319th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment Featured Units: TF Paladin - 749TH EOD Co & TF Bison - 1-10 CAV, Fort Carson, CO FOR MEDIA: To DOWNLOAD story with SLATE information (NO Graphics), click below: http://dvidshub.net/r/xs33ug To DOWNLOAD the B-ROLL with SLATE information,...
In this video we make some ammonium formate from ammonium carbonate and formic acid. It was supposed to be used to convert vanillin to vanillin amine, but there was a problem with the synthesis and it doesn't seem to work. The vanillin amine is a precursor to things like capsaicin and other spicy compounds. I still thought the video might be interesting though, so I am posting it anyway. Let me know if you have any other cool ways to use ammonium formate Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2448989&ty;=h Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Nile-Red-1648800202046876/
It's classic chemistry experiment. In use orange substance - Ammonium Dichromate. Ammonium dichromate decomposition (burning) reaction. This reaction produce steam, nitrogen gas and Chromium (III) oxide.
****** READ THE DESCRIPTION, PLEASE ****** Hello guys, it's been a while but finally, here's my new video ! This video should help you to get Ammonium nitrate - NH4NO3, which we will need in an upcoming video - Synthesis of Sodium nitrate NaNO3 - for making pyrotechnics and smokebombs. Stay tuned. PS : I'd like to say THANK YOU to all my subscribers and viewers !!!... I've got 350 subscribers and over 150 000 video views !!! And this is my 20th video !!! It means a lot to me :-) Please, Subscribe, Rate and Comment ! By the way, the clip at 0:12 is a wrong one. It shows Sodium nitrate, which I made in another video.
DIYAQUAPROS website: http://www.diyaquapros.com *FREE* downloadable content! Join The DIY AQUAPRO Team ! FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/DIYAQUAPROS TWITTER: @DIYAQUAPROS Ammonia is a nitrogen based compound that is extremely toxic even at very low concentrations. Most aquarium owners are told to keep ammonia concentrations at 0 (undetectable by test kits) and for good reasons. Concentrations as low as .01 mg/L (ppm) can reduce the fitness of your fish, although ammonia toxicity is largely species dependent. Some fish can tolerate higher levels while others prove to be more sensitive. Ammonia is generated by fish waste and the breakdown of organic molecules by bacteria in the aquarium. It exists in an equilibrium with its non-toxic counter part a...
Solutions containing ammonium ions are typically colourless in colour. To test for the presence of ammonium ions in solution, you may use the sodium hydroxide test. Sodium Hydroxide Test - To a sample of your solution, add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide solution. No visible observations can be made. Upon heating, a pungent gas is evolved, which turns moist red litmus paper blue.
Easy DIY chemistry project, great for science fairs because its a great demonstration! This is great for the chemistry beginner. I used 150ml of a 10% ammonia solution and 50ml of 30% HCl After they reacted, i boiled it down, and dried it in the oven. It tastes very salty/tart!
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[Chorus]
So go to sleep bitch!
Die, mothafucka, die! (unh), time's up, bitch, close ya
eyes
Go to sleep, bitch! [DMX] (what?)
Why are you still alive? How many times
I gotta say, close ya eyes?
And go to sleep bitch! [DMX] (what?)
Die mothafucka die,(Bi Bi), motherfucker, (Bi Bi)!
Go to sleep bitch! [DMX] (what?)
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[Chorus]
So go to sleep bitch!
Die, mothafucka, die! (unh), time's up, bitch, close ya
eyes
Go to sleep, bitch! [DMX] (what?)
Why are you still alive? How many times
I gotta say, close ya eyes?
And go to sleep bitch! [DMX] (what?)
Die mothafucka die,(Bi Bi), motherfucker, (Bi Bi)!
Go to sleep bitch! [DMX] (what?)
Why are you still alive? Why? die mothafucka,
ah, ah, ah...GO TO SLEEP BITCH!
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