- published: 06 Nov 2011
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The group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with the music they produced, is referred to as the Notre Dame school, or the Notre Dame School of Polyphony.
The only composers whose names have come down to us from this time are Léonin and Pérotin. Both were mentioned by an anonymous English student, known as Anonymous IV, who was either working or studying at Notre Dame later in the 13th century. In addition to naming the two composers as "the best composers of organum," and specifying that they compiled the big book of organum known as the Magnus Liber Organi, he provides a few tantalizing bits of information on the music and the principles involved in its composition. Pérotin is the first composer of organum quadruplum — four-voice polyphony — at least the first composer whose music has survived, since complete survivals of notated music from this time are scarce.
Léonin, Pérotin and the other anonymous composers whose music has survived are representatives of the era of European music history known as the ars antiqua. The motet was first developed during this period out of the clausula, which is one of the most frequently encountered types of composition in the Magnus Liber Organi.
A Dame School was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.
Dame schools were quite varied - some functioned primarily as day care facilities overseen by illiterate women, while others provided their students with a good foundation in the basics. The inadequacies of Dame schools in England were illustrated by a study conducted in 1838 by the Statistical Society of London that found nearly half of all pupils surveyed were only taught spelling, with a negligible number being taught mathematics and grammar. Dame schools became less common in Britain after the introduction of compulsory education in 1870, whereafter schools that were found to be below government-specified standards of tuition could be closed.
In North America, "dame school" is a broad term for a private school with a female teacher during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. The education provided by these schools ranged from basic to exceptional. The basic type of dame school was more common in New England, where basic literacy was expected of all classes, than in the southern colonies, where there were fewer educated women willing to be teachers.
Notre Dame commonly refers to:
It may also refer to:
Esmeralda, the bell tolls for thee!
A tortured soul in a twisted frame
I'm the one who tolls the bell.
In a cathedral tower,
That is Notre Dame.
... Notre Dame!
I wave high above
To the crowd down below,
Though heaven help me.
I killed for love
Now there can be no Sanctuary.
No-one would weep
As I go to my grave,
Only she who knew me.
The arrows of one betrayed,
Life's hollow mockery.
Rings loud in my ears,
The bitter call of there jeers.
Cruel laughter drowns my tears.
On top of the world,
I'm falling to the ground.
Hear the bells cry Sanctuary!
On top of the world,
I'm deafened by the sound.
Hear the bells cry Sanctuary!
Grotesque, outcast and alone,
They used ropes to bind me.
Broke a whip across my back
To remind me who I am.
She was beauty,
I was the beast.
My Esmeralda.
Bitter sweet she was
Caught and released
By this hunchback of Notre dame.
In anger and shame,
Bearing torches they came.
This fool was not to blame.
Up here I'm safe
And on my guard.
While bloodlust rules
The boulevard.
These hallowed walls
Are all around,
How long before madmen
Tear them down to the ground?