Guadalquivir River, Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain, Europe
The Guadalquivir is the fifth longest river in the
Iberian peninsula and the second longest river with its entire length in
Spain. The Guadalquivir is 657 kilometers long and drains an area of about 58,
000 square kilometers. It begins at Cañada de las
Fuentes (village of
Quesada) in the
Cazorla mountain range (Jaén), passes through
Córdoba and
Seville and ends at the fishing village of
Bonanza, in
Sanlúcar de Barrameda, flowing into the
Gulf of Cádiz, in the
Atlantic Ocean. The marshy lowlands at the river's end are known as "
Las Marismas". It borders
Doñana National Park reserve. The
Guadalquivir river is the only great navigable river in Spain.
Currently it is navigable to Seville, but in
Roman times it was navigable to Córdoba.
The ancient city of
Tartessos was said to have been located at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, although its site has not yet been found. The
Phoenicians established the first anchorage grounds and dealt in precious metals.
The Romans settled in
Hispalis (Seville), in the
2nd century BC, making it into an important river port. By the
1st century BC Hipalis was a walled city with shipyards building longboats to carry wheat
. In the 1st century AD the Hispalis was home to entire naval squadrons.
Ships sailed to
Rome with various products: minerals, salt, fish, etc
. During Arab rule between
712 to 1248, the
Moors left a stone dock and the
Torre del Oro (
Tower of Gold), to reinforce the port defences. In the
13th century,
Ferdinand III expanded the shipyards and from Seville's busy port, grain, oil, wine, wool, leather, cheese, honey, wax, nuts and dried fruit, salted fish, metal, silk, linen and dye were exported throughout
Europe. After the discovery of the
Americas, Seville became the economic centre of the
Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the
Casa de Contratación (
House of
Trade) wielded its power. As navigation of the
Guadalquivir River became increasingly difficult Seville's trade monopoly was transferred to
Cádiz.The construction of the artificial canal known as the Corta de
Merlina in 1794 marked the beginning of the modernisation of the port of Seville. In late
November 2010 the new Seville lock began to
function as a regulator of the tides to finish five years of work (2005-2010). The Guadalquivir River
Basin occupies an area of 63,085 km2 and has a long history of severe flooding. During the winter of
2010 heavy rainfall caused severe flooding in rural and agricultural areas in the provinces of Seville,
Cordoba and Jaen in the
Andalusia region. The accumulated rainfall in the month of February was above 250 liters per m2, double the precipitation for Spain for that month. In
March 2010 several tributaries of the Guadalquivir flooded, causing over 1,
500 people to flee their homes as a result of increased flow of the Guadalquivir River, which on 6 March 2010 reached a volume of
2000 m3/s in Cordoba and
2700 m3/s in Seville. This was below that recorded in Seville in the flood of
1963 when a volume of 6000 m3/s. was reached. During
August 2010 when flooding occurred in Jaen, Cordoba and Seville three people died in Cordoba as a result. A reconstructed waterwheel is located at Cordoba on the Guadalquivir River. The
Molino de la Albolafia waterwheel originally built by the
Romans provided water for the nearby
Alcazar gardens as well as being used to mill flour. The Alcazar was the castle and royal residence of Cordoba, inhabited by the caliphs in Islamic times, and later by the
Spanish royalty. The
Doñana disaster, also known as the
Aznalcollar Disaster or
Guadiamar Disaster was an industrial accident in Andalusia. In
April 1998 a holding dam burst at the
Los Frailes mine, near
Aznalcóllar, Seville Province, releasing
4–5 million cubic metres of mine tailings. The Doñana National Park was also impacted by this event. Of the numerous bridges spanning the Guadalquivir, one of the oldest is the
Roman Bridge in Cordoba. Significant bridges at Seville include the
Puente del Alamillo (
1992),
Puente de Isabel II or
Puente de Triana (1852), and
Puente del V
Centenario (
1972).
The El Tranco de Beas Dam at the head of the river was built between 1929 and
1944 as a hydroelectricity project of the
Franco regime. Doña Aldonza Dam is located in the Guadalquivir riverbed, in the
Andalusian municipalities of
Ubeda,
Peal de Becerro and
Torreperogil in the province of Jaen. The
Port of Seville is the primary port on the Guadalquivir River. The
Port Authority of Seville is responsible for developing, managing, operating, and marketing the Port of Seville. The entrance to the Port of Seville is protected by a lock that regulates the water level, making the port free of tidal influences. The Port of Seville contains over 2.7 thousand meters of berths for public use and
1.1 thousand meters of private berths.