Most patent law systems require that a patent application disclose a claimed invention in sufficient detail for the notional person skilled in the art to carry out that claimed invention. This requirement is often known as sufficiency of disclosure or enablement, depending on the jurisdiction.

Background[link]

The disclosure requirement lies at the heart and origin of patent law. An inventor, or the inventor's assignee, is granted a monopoly for a given period of time in exchange for the inventor disclosing to the public how to make or practice his or her invention. If a patent fails to contain such information, then the bargain is violated, and the patent is unenforceable or can be revoked.^[1]

Jurisdictions[link]

Europe[link]

Article 83 of the European Patent Convention states that an application must disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art. Sufficiency is considered by the examiner during examination of a patent application and the requirement of Article 83 must be complied with in order for a patent to be granted. Insufficient disclosure is also a ground for opposition under Article 100(b) EPC.

For instance, an insufficiency of disclosure might arise if references to standardisation documents are provided to support essential aspects of the invention, but if these references are not sufficiently precise so that "the skilled person would have to make ... undue efforts to find and get together the information it needs to carry out the invention".^[2]

Insufficiency is also a ground for revocation under Section 72 of the UK Patents Act.

United States[link]

Under the patent law in the United States, the patent specification must be complete enough so that a person of "ordinary skill in the art" of the invention can make and use the invention without “undue experimentation". There is no precise definition of "undue experimentation". The standard is determined based on the art of the invention.

In the "predictable arts", such as mechanical inventions and software inventions, very little description is required. A mere flow chart of a piece of software, for example, is adequate. Source code is not normally required. In the “unpredictable arts”, such as chemistry and pharmaceuticals, a very complete description is required.

In a 2005 U.S. court case, several of Jerome H. Lemelson patents covering bar code readers were held to be invalid because the specification was not complete enough for a person of ordinary skill in the art of electrical engineering to have made and used the claimed invention at the time the patent was filed (1954) without undue experimentation. In this case the court held that a person of ordinary skill in the art was a degreed electrical engineer with two years of experience as of the filing date of the original patent application, 1954. One of the challenges of this court case, which was decided in 2005, was to find experts on the state of the art who were alive in 1954.

Best mode[link]

In the United States, the sufficiency of disclosure requirement is complemented by an additional requirement, generally not found in other national patent jurisdictions: the "best mode requirement". According to the requirement, the disclosure must also contain the inventor's "best mode" of making or practicing the invention. For example, if an inventor knows that a liquid should be heated to 250 degrees for optimal performance, but discloses in the patent that the liquid should be heated to "above 200 degrees", then the inventor has not disclosed his "best mode" for carrying out the invention. The best mode must be disclosed for the entire invention, and not only its innovative aspects.^[3]

The "best mode requirement" only applies to what the inventor knows or could have known at the time the application was filed, not as to what was subsequently discovered.

Enablement[link]

The patent law in the United States further requires, among other things, that the patent specification "contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same." 35 U.S.C. 112(1). The requirement "to enable" a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention is colloquially referred to as the "enablement" requirement. A patent that does not meet the enablement requirement may be declared invalid by a court or upon re-exam. Enablement is determined as of the filing date of the patent, and patent-owners cannot use experiments conducted post-application to establish the validity of their patents.^[4]

See also[link]

• Defensive publication
• Patentability
• Reduction to practice
• Sufficiency of specification in patent law in Canada
• Unity of invention

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Matthew J. Dowd, Nancy J. Leith and Jeffrey S. Weaver, Nanotechnology and the Best Mode, Nanotechnology Law & Business Journal, September 2005 [1]^{[dead link]} (pdf file)
• Steven B. Walmsley, Best Mode: A Plea to Repair or Sacrifice This Broken Requirement of United States Patent Law, 9 Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. 125 (2002), available at http://www.mttlr.org/volnine/walmsley.pdf

External links[link]

• Article 5 PCT: The Description (in the Patent Cooperation Treaty)
• Article 83 EPC: Disclosure of the invention (in the European Patent Convention)

Look up best in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Best may refer to:

Film and television[link]

• Best (film), a 2000 George Best biopic
• The Best (UK TV series), a 2002 cooking programme on BBC2
• Best: His Mother's Son, a 2009 made-for-TV drama about George Best's mother

Places[link]

• Best, North Brabant, Netherlands
• Best, Texas, United States
• Best Township, Ontario, Canada

Music[link]

• The Best (band), a music supergroup featuring Keith Emerson, John Entwistle and others
• Mclusky, a band formerly known as Best
• "The Best", a song by …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead from their 2005 album Worlds Apart
• "The Best" (song), a 1989 song by Tina Turner
• Best (Chicosci album)
• Best (Kenny G album)
• Best! (Jellyfish album)
• Best (Robert Earl Keen album), 2006
• Best (Mika Nakashima album)
• Best, an album by The Clark Sisters
• The Best (Dan Seals album)
• The Best (t.A.T.u. album), 2006
• The Best (Bonnie Tyler album), 1993
• The Best (Despina Vandi album), 2001
• The Best (George Clinton album)
• The Best (Leo Kottke album)
• The Best (VHS), a 1993 video by Bonfire
• The Best (David Lee Roth album)
• The Best, a compilation album by New Model Army
• The Best, title of the international version of Janet Jackson's Number Ones compilation album (2009)
• The Best, a compilation album by Bonnie Tyler
• Best Of (Christina Milian album), 2006
• Best Of (Tokio Hotel album), 2010
• The Best of Goldfinger, a compilation album by American band Goldfinger
• Best Of (Between the Buried and Me album)
• Blur: The Best Of, 2000
• Best Of (Vanilla Ninja Album)
• Best-Of (Anggun album)
• Best (High and Mighty Color album)
• Best Of (Chapter One 1997–2004)
• Best Of (Doro album)
• Best Of (Mano Negra), 1998
• Best Of (RBD album), 2008
• Best Of (Roch Voisine album), 2007
• Best Of... (Sia album), 2012
• Best Of (The Cardigans album), 2008
• Best Of (Voice of the Beehive album)

People[link]

• Best (surname), people with the surname Best
• Best (Portuguese footballer) (born 1968)
• Dave (Best) Hughes (born 1986)
• Puppa Isthebest

Companies and organizations[link]

• Best & Co., an 1879–1971 clothing chain

• Best Lock Corporation, a lock manufacturer
• Best Manufacturing Company, a farm machinery company
• Best Products, a chain of catalog showroom retail stores
• Board of European Students of Technology, a student organisation
• Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, a public transport and utility provider

Other uses[link]

• Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature, a project to assess global temperature records
• The Best (PlayStation range), PlayStation budget range in Japan
• Best bitter, a type of beer
• Best disease, a disease of the eye
• Best High School (disambiguation)
• BEST Robotics, a student competition
• BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport
• Bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique, a statistical method
• Bringing Examination and Search Together, a European Patent Office initiative
• Bronx Environmental Stewardship Training, a program of the Sustainable South Bronx organization

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up mode in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Mode (etymology from Latin modus: "manner, tune, measure, due measure, rhythm, melody") may mean:

• Transport mode, a means of transportation
• Block cipher modes of operation, in cryptography
• A technocomplex of stone tools
• Mode of production, a Marxist term for way of producing goods

Places[link]

• Mode, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Illinois
• Mode, Banmauk, a village in Burma

Mathematics[link]

• Mode (statistics), the most common value among a group
• Modes of convergence, a property of a series
• Modes of a linear field

Science[link]

• Normal mode, patterns of vibration in acoustics, electromagnetic theory, etc.,
  • Mode shape
  • Longitudinal mode
  • Transverse mode
• Quasinormal mode, a type of energy disspation of a perturbed object or field
• Starvation mode, a biological condition

Language[link]

• Mode (literature)
• Grammatical mood
• Narrative mode
• Mode series, a quartet of novels by Piers Anthony
• Modes of persuasion, oratorical devices
• The Devil's Mode, a collection of short stories by Anthony Burgess

Music[link]

• Musical mode, a classification system of musical tonalities
• Modus (medieval music), several other technical senses of modus or mode in medieval music theory
• Gregorian mode, a pitch organization of Gregorian chant

Computing[link]

• Modes (Unix), permissions given to users and groups to access files and folders on Unix hosts
• Mode (computer interface), distinct method of operation within a computer system, in which the same user input can produce different results depending of the state of the system
  • A game mode, a mode used as a game mechanic in videogames
• a DOS and Windows command line tool for configuration of devices and the console
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode, a method of digital communication
• data types in some programming languages (e.g. EL/1)

Popular culture[link]

• Mode Records, a record label
• MODE Magazine, a now out-of-print US women's fashion magazine created specifically to feature fashions over a US size 14 with a Vogue magazine-like creative aesthetic; see plus-size model
• Mode magazine, a fictional fashion magazine which is the setting for the ABC series Ugly Betty
• Fashion
• Explosive Mode, an album

See also[link]

• Modal (disambiguation)
• Modality (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Marshawn Lynch

Lynch at the 2005 Las Vegas Bowl
No. 24     Seattle Seahawks
Running back
Personal information
Date of birth: (1986-04-22) April 22, 1986 (age 26)
Place of birth: Oakland, California
Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) Weight: 220 lb (100 kg)
Career information
College: California
NFL Draft: 2007 / Round: 1 / Pick: 12
Debuted in 2007 for the Buffalo Bills
Career history
Buffalo Bills (2007–2010) Seattle Seahawks (2010–present)
Roster status: Active
Career highlights and awards
2× Pro Bowl (2008, 2011) Ranked #94 in the Top 100 Players of 2012 First-team All-American (2006) First-team All-Pac-10 (2006) Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year (2006) Holiday Bowl Co-MVP (2006) Las Vegas Bowl MVP (2005) Honorable mention All-Pac-10 (2005)
Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2011
Rushing yards 4,542 Rushing average 4.0 Rushing TDs 35 Stats at NFL.com

Marshawn Terrell Lynch (born April 22, 1986) is an American football running back for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round (12th overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft. In his rookie year, Lynch became the Bills' first 1,000-yard rookie rusher since Greg Bell in 1984.^[1] He finished the season with 1,115 total rushing yards and seven touchdowns. Lynch played college football at California, where he was the school's second all-time career rusher with 3,230 yards.^[2]

Early years[link]

Lynch attended Oakland Technical High School. In his 2003 season, Lynch amassed 1,722 rushing yards and 23 touchdowns in only eight regular season games, and an additional 375 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns in two postseason games. He was voted a PrepStar and SuperPrep All-American and was also voted as the San Francisco East Bay Player of the Year.^[3]

Lynch experimented with other positions in high school. He played defensive back and accumulated 20 interceptions his senior year. His coaches put him at defensive end for one game, and he forced three fumbles. Lynch also played some quarterback and wide receiver in high school.^[4] Before high school, Lynch had originally played as an offensive guard.^[5] Rivals.com had him ranked #1 in the nation as a defensive back, but he decided to stick to his passion at running back. Lynch ended his high school career as the second-ranked running back in the nation in 2004 behind Adrian Peterson by Rivals.com.

In addition to being a star football player, Lynch was also an excellent track sprinter and played on Oakland Tech's basketball team alongside former Cal star and current Memphis Grizzlies forward Leon Powe.

College career[link]

Lynch attended University of California, Berkeley playing for the Golden Bears where his major was social welfare. In an online video posted in February 2008,^[6] Lynch implies he maintained a 3.2 GPA during his time at Cal.

As a true freshman in 2004, Lynch was the primary backup to senior J.J. Arrington. Lynch carried the ball 71 times for 628 yards with 8 rushing touchdowns and an additional 147 yards on 19 receptions and 2 receiving touchdowns.

In 2005, Arrington graduated and Lynch became the starting running back. Even though he missed two games due to a hand and finger injury, he still amassed 1,246 rushing yards with 10 touchdowns on 196 carries and an additional 125 yards on 15 receptions. In the 2005 Las Vegas Bowl, Lynch ran for 194 yards and three touchdowns on 24 carries and was named MVP.

Lynch wore jersey No. 24 his freshman year but switched to No. 10, his high school number. This switch placed him in sequence with his cousins Virdell Larkins (No. 9) and Robert Jordan (No. 11), also teammates at Cal.^[7]

In the 2006 preseason, Lynch earned a spot on the watchlist for the Maxwell Award, was named 8th best player in the nation by Sports Illustrated and earned several preseason All-American accolades.

On July 22, 2006, the Cal football program officially launched the campaign for Lynch to win the 2006 Heisman Trophy with the opening of the website Marshawn10.com, featuring Lynch's highlights from the 2004, 2005, and 2006 seasons.^[8] Lynch was named to the 2006 All Pac-10 team First Team.^[9] Lynch not only earned various awards, he also scored the game-winning overtime touchdown against Washington. He later called the run his favorite career highlight, after which Lynch spontaneously drove around the football field in an injury cart, pretending to ghost ride.^[10]

Lynch was also named the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year in 2006 and an AFCA (Coaches') All-America in 2006.

In his final game for California, Lynch ran for 111 yards and two touchdowns against Texas A&M in the Pacific Life Holiday Bowl on December 28, 2006. He shared the Co-Offensive Player of the Game award with teammate, quarterback Nate Longshore.

Lynch had a highly successful career at Cal and holds the school record for most 100-yard rushing games at 17.^[11]

On January 2, 2007, Lynch announced he would forgo his senior season and entered the NFL draft.^[12]

Career statistics[link]

Statistics up to date as of December 28, 2006. College statistics from CalBears.com^[13][14] and ESPN.com.^[15]

Rushing[link]

Receiving[link]

Kick returns[link]

NFL career[link]

2007 NFL Draft[link]

On April 28, 2007, Lynch was selected by the Buffalo Bills with the 12th overall pick in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He agreed with the Bills to a six-year, $18.935 million contract. The deal included a $3 million signing bonus and contained $10.285 million in total guarantees.

(* represents NFL Combine)

Buffalo Bills[link]

2007 season[link]

Lynch entered the 2007 season as the starter at running back for the Buffalo Bills. In his first game of the regular season on September 9, he gained 90 yards on 19 carries and scored his first touchdown in a 15–14 loss to the Denver Broncos. His breakout game came on November 4 against the Cincinnati Bengals. Lynch's success on the ground was instrumental in keeping the touted Cincinnati offense on the sidelines, as he rushed 29 times for 153 yards, including a 56-yard touchdown run. Lynch also completed a touchdown pass to tight end Robert Royal, the first touchdown pass completed by a Bills non-quarterback since 1981.^[17]

Lynch injured his ankle the following week against the Miami Dolphins and missed the next three games. He returned to play on December 9 for the second game of the Bills' season against the Dolphins, rushing for 107 yards and making his first career fumble. The game marked the first time that the Bills' offense produced two 100-yard rushers since 1996, as Fred Jackson also rushed for 115 yards.^[18] Lynch went over the 1,000-yard rushing mark on December 23 against the New York Giants, scoring a touchdown in the 38–21 loss which resulted in the Giants clinching a playoff berth. This made him the fourth Bills rookie to break the 1,000-yard mark, and the first since Greg Bell in 1984.^[1] He finished a successful rookie season with 1,115 total rushing yards and seven touchdowns.

Lynch was expected to be more involved in Buffalo's passing game in 2008, his second season as a pro. The Bills' new offensive coordinator Turk Schonert had stated a number of times that he anticipated Lynch "being in on third down a lot more" this season, citing Lynch's inexperience as a reason he was not very involved in 2007.

2008 season[link]

Lynch was held to a 2008 low of 16 yards rushing in a matchup against the New York Jets on November 2. He did not break 100 yards rushing in a game until November 17 on a Monday Night Football matchup against the Cleveland Browns, when he rushed for 119. The game also marked his first receiving touchdown. Two weeks later Lynch posted a season high 134 rushing yards against the San Francisco 49ers on November 30. Lynch went over the 1,000-yard mark for the season on December 14 in a rematch against the Jets when he rushed for 127 yards. He was able to stay healthy until injuring his shoulder in the second half of a Bills victory on December 21 against the Denver Broncos, during which he rushed for his eighth touchdown of the season. The injury kept him out of the Bills' final game of the season against the New England Patriots. Lynch finished the 2008 season with 1,036 yards rushing and eight rushing touchdowns. He posted 300 receiving yards on 47 receptions, including a receiving touchdown, compared to 184 yards on 18 receptions for the 2007 season. Lynch was selected to his first Pro Bowl, replacing an injured Chris Johnson.^[19] This made him the first Bills running back to head to the Pro Bowl since Travis Henry in 2002. Lynch was initially a first alternate.

2009 season[link]

Lynch carries the ball against the New York Jets in October 2009.

Following his guilty plea on misdemeanor weapons charges during the 2009 offseason, Lynch met with NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell for a disciplinary hearing.^[20] On April 9, the NFL announced that Lynch would be suspended for the Bills' first three games for violations of the NFL's personal conduct policy.^[21] Lynch appealed the league's suspension on May 14 in an attempt to have it reduced or nullified, only to have it upheld by Goodell later on August 3. When interviewed on the topic, Lynch has said that he was not surprised when the suspension was upheld, and that he loves playing too much and will try to keep himself out of situations in which there is a risk of being suspended.^[22]

Lynch played his first game of the 2009 season against the Miami Dolphins and played the rest of the season. Beginning November 29, he was supplanted as the Bills' starting running back by Fred Jackson, who had the first 1,000-yard rushing season of his career. Lynch finished the season with 450 yards on 120 carries with two rushing touchdowns and did not break 100 rushing yards in a single game.

2010 season[link]

Lynch suffered an ankle sprain in the Bills' preseason opening game against the Washington Redskins and was expected to be out for three to four weeks.^[23] He started three games for the Bills before being traded to the Seattle Seahawks on October 5 for two draft picks, a fourth-rounder in 2011 and a conditional pick in 2012.^[24]

Seattle Seahawks[link]

Lynch was traded to the Seahawks - for a fourth-round pick in 2011 and a fifth-round pick in 2012 - on October 5, reuniting him with former Cal roommate and fellow running back Justin Forsett, a seventh-round draft pick of the Seahawks in 2008.

Lynch scored his first touchdown of the season on October 17 on a one-yard run against the Chicago Bears. On December 5, he scored three touchdowns against the Carolina Panthers.

In his first career playoff game on January 8, 2011, Lynch had a 67-yard touchdown run in which he broke eight tackles and with one arm threw Saints cornerback Tracy Porter to the ground.^[25] The home field crowd's reaction to the run was so strong that it was recorded as seismic activity at a monitoring station 100 yards from the stadium.^{[26][dead link]} The fourth-quarter run proved to be the game winner, as three minutes later the game ended with the Seahawks defeating the Saints, 41–36, capping one of the biggest upsets in NFL playoff history.

Lynch had a total of 747 yards during the 2010 season.

2011 Season[link]

Lynch started 15 games, only missing one regular season game on November 23, 2011, due to back problems during warm ups. Lynch finished the 2011 season rushing for 1,204 yards and twelve touchdowns, both career bests and posting his first 1,000 yard season since 2008. On December 18, 2011, Lynch set the franchise record for consecutive games with a rushing touchdown by scoring in his 10th straight game. The previous record of nine was set by Shaun Alexander in 2005. Lynch led the NFL in rushing yardage over the final nine weeks of the season.^[27] On January 24, 2012 Lynch was added to the NFC Pro Bowl roster to replace San Francisco 49ers running back Frank Gore.^[27] On March,4 2011 Marshawn Lynch signed a 4 year $31 Million contract.

Personal[link]

Lynch has several relatives who have also played professional football. His cousins are wide receiver Robert Jordan, who played alongside Lynch at Cal from 2004–2006, former Oakland Raiders quarterback JaMarcus Russell, and quarterback Josh Johnson of the San Francisco 49ers. Lynch's uncle, Lorenzo Lynch, had an 11-year career in the NFL.^[28]

Lynch was nicknamed "Money" in college.^[29] Additionally, he has referred to himself as being in "beast mode" during games.^[30]

While in Buffalo, Lynch embraced the Buffalo community, in stark contrast to former Bills RB Willis McGahee, as noted by an interview with ESPN's Kenny Mayne.^[31] In the video interview, which has become an internet sensation, Lynch talks about his love of Applebees, and his teammates joke that he loves chain restaurants.

Lynch frequently eats Skittles during games, a habit which started when Lynch was in high school. After Lynch was shown eating the candy during a nationally-televised game on December 1, 2011, Mars offered him a two-year supply of Skittles and a custom dispenser for his locker.^[32] On December 30, 2011, he was fined $10,000 for wearing cleats featuring a Skittles pattern.^[33]

Lynch also has an affinity for purchasing grills, saying he's been wearing the gold jewelry since junior high school. After the 2011 season, Lynch purchased a customized Seahawks grill in time for the 2012 season.^[34]

Legal issues[link]

On June 14, 2006, Lynch was the victim of mistaken identity when unknown assailants shot at his car outside his high school alma mater as he was about to visit his little sister on her graduation day. He was not the intended target of the shooting, and no one was injured. The shooter phoned Lynch's mother to apologize.^[35]

On January 25, 2007, Lynch was accused of sexual assault by his former girlfriend. The incident reportedly happened on December 13, 2006, outside the woman's home in Emeryville, California. On January 29, 2007, an Alameda County Deputy District Attorney who specializes in domestic violence cases declined to press charges, citing a lack of evidence and "grave inconsistencies" in the alleged victim's accusations.^[36] Lynch was never arrested or charged.

On March 3, 2007, an Alameda County judge threw out a restraining order that Lynch's ex-girlfriend had issued against him because it was obtained improperly.^[37]

During June 2008, Lynch was investigated for his involvement in a hit and run accident that occurred in Buffalo on May 31, 2008. His 2008 Porsche Cayenne struck and injured Kimberley Shpeley, of Ontario, Canada, before leaving the scene. It should be noted that Shpeley was extremely intoxicated, and dancing in the middle of the street.^[38][39] After the 27-day saga, on June 26, 2008, Lynch apologized and accepted a guilty plea to a single count of failure to exercise due care to avoid striking a pedestrian, a traffic violation. He was assessed a $100 fine, and his driver’s license and car registration were revoked. Because a Buffalo police officer gave testimony that Shpeley did not suffer "severe physical injury," Lynch avoided criminal charges for the incident.^[40] Lynch was later sued by Shpeley on December 28, 2009 for negligence.^[41]

Three days after his 2009 Pro Bowl appearance, Lynch was arrested on February 11 in Culver City, California. Lynch and two companions were sitting in a running 2006 Mercedes-Benz when police approached; after smelling marijuana, the police searched the car and discovered a loaded gun that was determined to belong to Lynch. He was released the same day after posting $35,000 bail.^[42] Lynch's felony charge was reduced to three misdemeanors, and no drug charges were filed.^[43] On March 5, Lynch pled guilty to a single misdemeanor gun charge and was sentenced to three years of probation, and 80 hours of community service. He also agreed to submit to police searches at any time. The two other misdemeanor gun charges were dismissed.^[44]

Lynch was accused of stealing $20 from the wife of a Buffalo police officer in a local TGI Friday's on December 7, 2009. A complaint was filed against him the next day but no charges were ever filed.^[45][46]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marshawn Lynch

• Official website
• Official Blog on Yardbarker
• Seattle Seahawks bio
• Marshawn10.com: Cal's website for Marshawn Lynch
• California Golden Bears bio
• ESPN bio