DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (ⁱ/diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˌkliːɪk, -ˌkleɪɪk/;DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 10³⁷, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).

DNA²

DNA² (Japanese: D・N・A² ～何処かで失くしたあいつのアイツ～, Hepburn: Dī En Ei Tsū: Dokoka de Nakushita Aitsu no Aitsu) is a science fiction manga series written and illustrated by Masakazu Katsura. It was serialized across Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine between 1993 and 1994, spanning a total of five tankōbon volumes.

DNA² was adapted into a 12-episode anime television series which ran on Nippon Television from October 7, 1994 to December 23, 1994. This was followed by a three-episode anime original video animation (OVA) in 1995. Produced by Madhouse and Studio Deen, the anime series was directed by Jun'ichi Sakata, whereas the character designer and animation director for the series was Kumiko Takahashi. DNA² has been broadcast in Japan by Animax, which has also aired the series across its respective networks worldwide, including its English-language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia. All 15 episodes were licensed in North America by Central Park Media until their closing in 2009. The five volumes and box set are out-of-print. Discotek Media has since re-licensed the series for a DVD release in 2014.

DNA2.0

DNA2.0 provides products and services for life science and Synthetic biology research. DNA2.0 also provides free access to research tools such as Gene Designer, DNA Atlas and a gRNA designer.

The company

DNA2.0 was founded in 2003, in Menlo Park, California. The company is privately held and continues to have all research, development and production in Menlo Park, California. It began and continues as a gene synthesis and protein engineering provider to academia, government and the pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural and biotechnology industries. Gene Synthesis rapidly replaced molecular cloning for many academic and corporate labs, as "foundries for the biotechnology age" allowing made-to-order genes for biological research. DNA2.0 was featured on the PBS show Nova ScienceNow to show how genes are created synthetically in a lab. In 2008, the company supplied some of the DNA stretches used to create a synthetic bacterial genome.Dan Rather Reports included DNA2.0 in their episode on Synthetic Biology and how it is solving "some of the most important problems facing the world." In 2009, The Scientist named the codon design algorithms (now tradmarked as GeneGPS) developed by DNA2.0 as one of the Top 10 Innovations of the year for Life Sciences. DNA2.0 developed the Electra Vector System, a universal cloning system that utilizes the type IIS restriction enzyme SapI and T4 DNA ligase in a single-tube reaction. DNA2.0 has made some molecular components, such as synthetic fluorescent proteins, available in open-access collections of DNA parts (BioBricks Foundation). DNA2.0 is a founding member of the International Gene Synthesis Consortium (IGSC) to promote biosecurity in the gene-synthesis industry. There are over 1,100 published scientific articles using DNA2.0 products and/or services, of which 43 include company employees as an author(s).

Sama (Sufism)

Sama (Turkish: Sema, Persian and Arabic: سَمَاع‎ - samā‘^un) is a Sufi ceremony performed as dhikr. Sama means "listening", while dhikr means "remembrance". These rituals often includes singing, playing instruments, dancing, recitation of poetry and prayers, wearing symbolic attire, and other rituals. It is a particularly popular form of worship in the Chishti order of the Indian subcontinent.

In 2008, UNESCO confirmed the "The Mevlevi Sama Ceremony" of Turkey as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Etymology

This term stems from the root-verb meaning acceptance by tradition, from which derives the words سَمْع (sam‘^un) and اِسْتِمَاع (’istimā‘^un, listening), often paired with نَقْل (naql^un) and تَقْلِيد (taqlīd^un, tradition). It may have been in use since the 10th century to refer to a type of dhikr (remembrance of God), a spiritual concert, a ceremony used by various Sufi orders, particularly the Chishti order of the sub-continent. It often involves prayer, song and dance.

Sumi Naga

The Sumi Naga is one of the major Naga peoples in Nagaland, India. The Sumis mainly inhabit the Zunheboto district, although many have spread out and inhabit in almost all the other districts within Nagaland. Many go outside Nagaland for education and work.

The Sumi are one of the most united and most aggressive Naga nations. Since times immemorial, other Nagas have feared the Sumi. Despite their ferocity and aggressive nature in warfare, the Sumi are known for their simplicity and honesty.

The Sumis practised headhunting like other Naga peoples before the arrival of the Christian missionaries and their subsequent conversion to Christianity. Anthropological study of the Sumi is documented in the book The Sema Nagas by J. H. Hutton, who was a Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cambridge. The Sumi is one of the recognised scheduled tribes of India.

Population

According to the 2011 census of India, Sumi Nagas number around 300000 in population comprsing Dimapur. Dimapur is commercial city of Nagaland. Dimapur district is mostly dominated by Sumi's.

Seoul Museum of Art

The Seoul Museum of Art is an art museum operated by Seoul City Council and located in central of Seoul, South Korea.

History

It was opened in the Gyeonghuigung Palace area, a royal palace of Joseon dynasty, with six exhibition rooms and an outdoor sculpture park. However, in 2002 a larger main branch was opened behind Deoksugung Palace, replacing the Gyeonguigung Branch as the main branch. Occupying the old Korean Supreme Court building this remodeled and renovated version houses three floors of exhibition halls, a connected administration annex, and a basement with lecture halls, classrooms and offices. The museum has two more branches in Seoul: one is located in Gyeonghuigung (SeMa GyeongHuiGung) and the other is located in Namhyeon-dong, Gwanak-gu (SeMa NamSeoul).

The Seoul Museum of Art's main branch offers a wide variety of services to the general public. Offered by the museum are low, or no-cost, public art classes in Korean traditional arts, docent programs in English and Korean and lectures open to the public in order to further its mission.