- published: 05 Sep 2010
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Bundism is a Jewish socialist and secular movement that originated with the General Jewish Labour Bund, founded in the Russian Empire in 1897. Bundism was an important component of the social democratic movement in the Russian empire until it was violently suppressed by the Communist party after the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bundist movement continued to exist as a political party in independent Poland prior to the Holocaust (the Polish Bund) when many of its members were killed. After the Second World War, the International Jewish Labor Bund was founded.
While the Bund ["circle"] was a trade union as well as a political party, its initial purpose was the organisation of the Russian Jewish proletariat.
Though a staunchly secular party, the Bund took part in the kehillot elections.
The Bund also promoted the use of Yiddish (Yiddishism) as a Jewish national language and to some extent opposed the Zionist project of reviving Hebrew.
The doikayt (lit. "hereness", Yiddish = do -kayt, German = da-keit, French = "ici-té") concept is central to the Bundist ideology.
"Indian" Jack Jacobs (August 7, 1919 – January 12, 1974) was an American and Canadian football player in the National Football League and Western Interprovincial Football Union. He was a charter member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963.
Jacobs was born in Holdenville, Oklahoma, and played high school football at Muskogee High School. He was popularly known as "Indian Jack" because he was a Creek man, at a time when the use of such terminology was not seen as offensive.
Jacobs played college football at the University of Oklahoma. Considered a phenomenal all-round player and starting quarterback, Jack averaged 47.84 yards per kick in 1940 (which remains an OU record) with a career average of 42.10. He holds the record for passing percentage in a game completing 8 out of 8 passes (1.000)(OU v. Kansas 1941). Jacobs accumulated the most offense yardage in 1940/1941 (junior & senior years). As a defensive back, Jacobs is tied with seven other players for the record number of interceptions in a game (3)(1941 OU v. Marquette).
Benazir Bhutto (Sindhi: بينظير ڀٽو; Urdu: بے نظیر بھٹو, pronounced [beːnəˈziːr ˈbʱʊʈʈoː]; 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani democratic socialist who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from 1988 until 1990 and 1993 until 1996. She was the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister of Pakistan and the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which she led.
In 1982, at age 29, Benazir Bhutto became the chairwoman of PPP — a democratic socialist, centre-left party, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. In 1988, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state and was also Pakistan's first (and thus far, only) female prime minister. Noted for her charismatic authority and political astuteness, Benazir Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan's economy and national security, and she implemented social capitalist policies for industrial development and growth. In addition, her political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labor markets, the denationalization of state-owned corporations, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Benazir Bhutto's popularity waned amid recession, corruption, and high unemployment which later led to the dismissal of her government by conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.