For the character in Greek mythology see Icarus.

Icaros are medicine songs, used as part of the toolkit of Shamans and Curanderos in the Peruvian Amazon Basin.

The doctor spirits teach the shamans their icaros. Icaros are expressed in the form of song and are a major system of delivery of the shamans’ spiritual energy. They are used to bring on mareación (the visionary effects of the Ayahuasca), take mareación away, call in different plant spirits, call in the spirits of others or the deceased, take away dark spirits and dark energies, and manage the ceremony.

Icaros are either whistled or sung, and can be expressed in any language. The shamans generally sing in a spirit dialect that is a mixture of their native language (i.e. Quechua, Shipibo-Conibo, Asháninka, etc.), Spanish, and different evocative sounds. Icaros represent a system of communication between the shaman and the spirits, and the shaman and the participants in the ceremony. The shamans believe that every living thing has an icaro and that these icaros can be learned.

The singing of icaros is sometimes accompanied by the Chakapa, shacapa, a leaf rattle that is used to carry the rhythm of the ceremony. The shaman will use his shacapa to direct energy and the icaros, as well as send away dark or unwanted energies. Each icaro is used to contact a different spirit, for use of healing.

Ayahuasca Preparation Icaro

The following example is the beginning of an icaro that is used by Peruvian cuanderos to prepare the bottle of Ayahuasca for ceremony. It sets the intent of the ceremony for the Ayahuasca and the participants.

The following Icaro is written initially in Spanish, with the lines English translation immediately following.

Cielo cielo Ayahuascacitoini

Calling to the sky Ayahuasca

Cielo cielo Ayahuascacitoini

Calling to the sky Ayahuasca

Troncoimantacitoini Papa Tuacitoini

Calling to the mother trunk and head medicine spirit Papa Tua

Ayudangichoini curangichoini cuerpocitoini

Help heal the body

Enderesangichioni sentiditoini

Straighten the mind

Enderesangichioni shungonicitoini

Straighten the heart center

Enderesangichioni todas todas energias cuerpocitoini

Straighten all the energies in the body

Tranquilito sentiditoini no turbachiwongichoini

Calm mind without turbulence

Cushi cushi wayra wayra cuerpocitoini

Good feeling, airiness to the body

Todo todo mal espiritocitoini que venga contra de nosotroscitoini chaparingi chapamongi

All dark spirits that come against us be caught

Dragon rojo mama aguilitaini

By the red dragon and mother eagle

Boa negra sacha mama 500 metros de largaini llevaringi al infinito del mundo

Black boa sachamama 500 meters long take them to the infinite of the world

Nunca nunca pudiendo volveringi

Never never being able to return

Nunca nunca pudiendo dominarcitoini cuerpocitoini

Never never being able to dominate the body

Cielo cielo Ayahuascacitoini

Calling to the sky Ayahuasca

Cielo cielo Ayahuascacitoini

Calling to the sky Ayahuasca

Enseñangichoini todas classes de icaro medicina

Teach all classes of icaro medicine

Toda toda medicina sabiduría divinaini

All medicine and divine knowledge

Dios Dios Jesús Jesús, El Espíritu Santo, La Virgen María,

God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, the Virgin Mary,

Arcángel Miguel, Oriel, Gabriel, Rafaelcitoini

Archangel Michael, Auriel, Gabriel, Rafael

Todos Ángeles Celestiales Cuidaringi cuidamongi cuerpocitoini

All celestial angels look after and protect our bodies

Cielo cielo Ayahuascacitoini

Calling to Cielo Ayahausca

Fuerte fuerte Mareacíoncitoini

Strong mareación (visionary effects)

Suenaringi suenamongi mareacióncitoini

Bring sound to the visionary effects

Suenaringi suenamongi mareacióncitoini

Bring sound to the visionary effects

Fuerte fuerte Mareacióncitoini

Strong mareación (visionary effects)

Claro claro visioncitoini

Clear vision

Claro claro ñaguecito

Clear eyes

Abre abre visioncitoini

Open vision

Despejado cuerpocito

Opening the energy of the body

Despejado mundo enteritoini

Opening the entire world

Alumbrangichoini universo infinitocitoini

Illuminating the infinite universe

Claro claro ñaguecito

Clear eyes

See also

Chakapa (Shakapa)

Ayahuasca

References

Category:Peruvian culture Category:Shamanism of the Americas

Name	Juan Flores
Birth date	1834
Death date	February 14, 1857
Death place	Los Angeles
Death cause	Hanging
Resting place coordinates
Known for	19th century Californio bandit

Juan Flores (c. 1834 – February 14, 1857) was a 19th century Californio bandit who, with Pancho Daniel, led an outlaw gang known as "las Manillas" (the Handcuffs) and later as the Flores Daniel Gang, throughout Southern California during 1856-1857. Although regarded by historians as a thief and outlaw, Flores was considered among Mexican-Americans as a folk hero akin to Jesse James and who was thought of as a defender against vigilante movements in the years following the American settlement of California and its incorporation into the United States. However, the activities of Flores and other insurrectos such as Solomon Pico and Joaquín Murrieta against American and foreign-born settlers not only created long-lasting suspicion and hostility towards Mexican-Americans but also divided the traditional Spanish class structures of the Californios and the poorer peasants as well.

Early life

Born to a prominent family, according to Horace Bell, "Juan Flores was a dark complexioned fellow of medium height slim, lithe and graceful, a most beautiful figure in the fandango or on horseback, and about twenty-two years old. There was nothing peculiar about Juan except his tiger-like walk—always seeming to be in the very act of springing upon his prey. His eyes, neither black, grey, nor blue, greatly resembling those of the owl—always moving, watchful and wary, and the most cruel and vindictive-looking eyes that were ever set in human head."

Flores was first arrested in 1855 for horse stealing and imprisoned in San Quentin. However, he soon escaped in October 1856 as part of a breakout that seized a brig tied up at the prison wharf that the convicts sailed across the bay and escaped into Contra Costa County (although other sources claim he served his prison term ). Flores joined forces with Pancho Daniel and a dozen or so ranch hands, miners and other Angelinos such as Anastasio García, Jesus Espinosa, Andrés Fontes, Chino Varelas, Faustino García, Juan Cartabo and "One-eyed" Piguinino among others. During the next two years, Daniel, Flores and their "los Manilas" gained a following among the Mexican-American population in the San Luis Obispo- and San Juan Capistrano-areas with his numbers growing to over fifty men. One of the largest gangs in the state, "los Manilas" terrorized the area for the next two years primarily stealing horses and cattle but also committing armed robbery, murder and conducting raids against towns and homesteads in the area. Due in part to attention by newspapers, opposition to what became known as the "Flores Revolution" began to take form by public officials and law enforcement as well as upper-class Californios such as Andrés Pico, Juan Sepúlveda and Tomas Avila Sanchez all of whom later participated in the capture of Flores.

Raid on San Juan Capistrano

In late-December 1856 or early-January 1857, Flores attempted to pursue and rob a wagon traveling from Los Angeles to San Juan Capistrano. Missing the wagon somewhere on the road, Flores instead led a group of outlaws on a raid against San Juan Capistrano looting the shop of a local Russian-Polish merchant Michael Krazewski. Wounding a store assistant, they carried nearly all the goods in the store on two horses promising to return to the town. The next day, Flores made another raid on the town in which German shopkeeper George Pflugardt was murdered and several stores were looted. They had been after an informant who had previously testified against him for horse stealing years earlier and, when the man was able to escape before their arrival, they proceeded to loot the town and spent the night "in drunken revelry" until leaving sometime around 2:00 am. When authorities in Los Angeles were alerted of the incident, they dispatched Sheriff James R. Barton and a posse of six well-armed men and set out to apprehend Flores.

Death of Sheriff Barton

Later that month, Flores was visiting a female companion "Chola" Martina Burruel in the Burruel Adobe outside San Juan Capistrano. During his stay, Sheriff Barton was killed along with police constables William H. Little and Charles R. Baker while traveling down the road to San Juan Capistrano. Only 12 miles south of San Joaquín Ranch, Barton and his posse were on their way to apprehend Flores for George Pflugardt's murder before being ambushed at Barranco de los Alisos and killed by Flores and members of his gang. The surviving members of Barton's posse who managed to escape the massacre made their way back to Los Angeles.

Capture and death

Barton's death caused a backlash against outlaw violence in the region as members of Flores' gang were hunted down and captured by authorities with a Los Angeles posse that included 51 American merchants and Californio ranchers, Manuel Cota the Temecula leader of 43 Luiseño scouts, the Monte Rangers former Texas Rangers and members of the vigilante gang the "El Monte Boys", and posses from San Bernardino and San Diego. A large group of the gang were discovered by the Luiseño scouts in their hideout in the Sierra de Santiago. A posse led by the Californios Andres Pico and Tomas Avila Sanchez, surrounded and apprehended them, however Pancho Daniel and Flores himself managed to escape northward through the mountains. The Monte Rangers moving to cut off escapees, captured Flores and Pancho Daniel after a shootout, but they managed to free themselves and escape that night.

Numbers ranging from fifty to seventy Mexican-Americans were arrested on having connections with Flores and between February 1857 and November 1858, eleven others suspected of being members of the Flores gang were lynched, most by the "El Monte Boys". According to historian John Boessenecker, only four of these men were confirmed as members of the gang.

After eleven days on the run, Flores was brought in by a 120-man posse led by Andres Pico. with "practically every man, woman and child present in the pueblo" numbering an estimated 3,000 people, Flores was tried for murder and hanged near the top of Fort Hill in what would later be present-day downtown Los Angeles on February 14, 1857; Addressing the crowd from the scaffold, he stated "he bore no malice, was dying justly, and that he hoped that those he had wronged would forgive him". When his execution was carried out, his noose being too short, Flores instead died from suffocation instead of having his neck broken as intended.

Legacy

Pancho Daniel would later be hanged on November 30, 1858. The last surviving member of the Juan Flores gang, Andrés Fontes, was believed to have instigated the events leading to the shooting death of Barton and his party due to a personal disagreement with Sheriff Barton. Fontes was reportedly killed in Baja California by either F.R. Esparza or Salomon Pico.

Flores Peak, part of Santiago Canyon located in Orange County, was named after the outlaw leader to commemorate the capture of much of the Flores gang although Flores himself escaped.

References

Category:1834 births Category:1857 deaths Category:Mexican outlaws Category:Mexican folklore Category:American folklore Category:California criminals Category:Californios Category:People from San Juan Capistrano, California

This article is about a Salvadoran footballer. For the Filipino law professor and Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, see Jose Campos.

José Eduardo Campos (born March 15, 1989 in San Salvador, El Salvador) is a Salvadoran footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for C.D. Luis Angel Firpo.

External links

Category:1983 births Category:Salvadoran footballers Category:Firpo footballers Category:Living people