Free warren

Free warren—often simply warren—refers to a type of franchise or privilege conveyed by a sovereign in mediaeval England to a subject, promising to hold them harmless for killing game of certain species within a stipulated area, usually a wood or small forest. The sovereign involved might be either the monarch or a marcher lord.

Law

The grant of free warren could be as a gift, or in exchange for consideration, and might be later alienated by the grantee. The stipulated area might be coextensive with the frank-tenement of the grantee, or it might be discontinuous or even at a considerable remove from the grantee's holdings. The right of free warren did not extend automatically to the freeholder of the soil.

Although the rights of free warren are usually discussed in the context of forest law, the only law which applied within the warren was common law. Thus, even though the warrant ultimately derived from the sovereign, the only statutes applied to poachers in a warren were the common-law crimes of theft and trespass.

Warren (name)

Warren (/ˈwɒrᵻn/), of old Germanic origin, is a common English language masculine given name, also common as a surname, meaning "enclosure". In some instances it is derived from a French surname, "de Warenne", meaning "from La Varrene". People with the name "Warren" include:

Surname

Warren (domestic)

A domestic warren is an artificial, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur. It evolved from the Anglo-Norman concept of free warren, which had been, essentially, the equivalent of a hunting license for a given woodland.

Architecture of the domestic warren

The cunicularia of the monasteries may have more closely resembled hutches or pens, than the open enclosures with specialized structures which the domestic warren eventually became. Such an enclosure or close was called a cony-garth, or sometimes conegar, coneygree or "bury" (from "burrow").

Moat and pale

To keep the rabbits from escaping, domestic warrens were usually provided with a fairly substantive moat, or ditch filled with water. Rabbits generally do not swim and avoid water. A pale, or fence, was provided to exclude predators.

Pillow mounds

The most characteristic structure of the "cony-garth" ("rabbit-yard") is the pillow mound. These were "pillow-like", oblong mounds with flat tops, frequently described as being "cigar-shaped", and sometimes arranged like the letter <E> or into more extensive, interconnected rows. Often these were provided with pre-built, stone-lined tunnels. The preferred orientation was on a gentle slope, with the arms extending downhill, to facilitate drainage. The soil needed to be soft, to accommodate further burrowing. See Schematic diagram of a pillow mound.

Ciel

Ciel (meaning Heaven or sky in French) may refer to:

List of Tsukihime characters

This is a list of characters from the Japanese adult visual novel, Tsukihime, created by Type-Moon and adapted in an anime series by J.C. Staff and Geneon. The voices of the characters listed are from the anime and spinoff game, Melty Blood.

Main characters

Supporting characters

Minor characters

See also

References

Ciel (beverage)

Ciel is a brand of bottled water owned by The Coca-Cola Company which is bottled and sold in Mexico, Angola, and Morocco. Coca-Cola Mexico introduced Ciel in 1996 in the states of Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Durango, San Luis Potosi and Coahuila.

In 1997 Ciel was released in Mexico City, and in 2001 was released in the states of Nuevo Leon and part of Tamaulipas. In that same year, The Coca-Cola Company released a club soda version called Ciel Mineralizada in several markets.

In 2002, along with the acquisition of Panamerican Beverages (Panamco) made by Coca-Cola FEMSA, The Coca-Cola Company acquired Panamco's bottled water brand Risco, and converted it into Ciel, so the brand started being available in the states of Guanajuato, Puebla, Veracruz and Michoacán.

In 2005 Coca-Cola released a calorie-free flavored water version of Ciel called Ciel Aquarius (renamed Ciel+ in 2008). In that same year, Ciel Dasani was released, a functional water with skin nutrients and fiber available in four flavors: lemon-cucumber, papaya-carrot, grapefruit and mandarin-green tea; a year later, this product was discontinued.