Coordinates	33°0′0″N70°10′0″N
name	Ian Murdock
birth date	April 28, 1973
birth place	Konstanz, West Germany
occupation	Programmer
residence	Indiana, USA
nationality	American
field	computer scientist, open source developer, entrepreneur
work institutions	Sun Microsystems
alma mater	Purdue University
known for	Debian }}

Ian Murdock (born 28 April 1973 in Konstanz, Germany) is a software engineer and hacker. He is the founder of the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and Progeny Linux Systems, a company providing services based on commercial distributions of operating systems built over the Linux kernel and distributed under a free software license such as the GNU General Public License (GPL).

He wrote the Debian Manifesto in 1993 while a student at Purdue University, where he earned his bachelor's degree in computer science in 1996. He named Debian after his then-girlfriend Debra Lynn, and himself (Deb and Ian). They subsequently married, filed for divorce in August 2007, and were granted the divorce in January, 2008.

On joining Sun, he led Project Indiana, which he described as "taking the lesson that Linux has brought to the operating system and providing that for Solaris", making a full OpenSolaris distribution with GNOME and userland tools from GNU plus a network-based package management system. From March of 2007 to February of 2010, he was Vice President of Emerging Platforms at Sun, until the company merged with Oracle and he resigned his position with the company.

See also

List of Debian Project Leaders

References

External links

. . .

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Debian Project leaders Category:Linux people Category:Purdue University alumni Category:German computer programmers

ar:إيان موردوك ca:Ian Murdock da:Ian Murdock de:Ian Murdock es:Ian Murdock eo:Ian Murdok fa:یان مورداک fr:Ian Murdock gl:Ian Murdock it:Ian Murdock he:איאן מרדוק la:Ioannes Murdock lv:Jans Mērdoks ja:イアン・マードック no:Ian Murdock pl:Ian Murdock pt:Ian Murdock ru:Мёрдок, Ян sl:Ian Murdock sv:Ian Murdock tr:Ian Murdock zh:伊恩·默多克

Coordinates	33°0′0″N70°10′0″N
name	Andy Coulson
office	Downing Street Director of Communications
term start	11 May 2010
term end	21 January 2011
primeminister	David Cameron
birthname	Andrew Edward Coulson
birth date	January 21, 1968
birth place	Billericay, Essex, England, UK
occupation	Journalist, newspaper editor
spouse	Eloise Patrick (m. December 2000–present)
children	2 }}

Andrew Edward Coulson (born 21 January 1968) is an English journalist and political strategist.

Coulson was the editor of the ''News of the World'' from 2003 until his resignation in 2007, following the conviction of one of the newspaper's reporters in relation to illegal phone-hacking.

He subsequently joined David Cameron's personnel as communications director, until announcing his departure on 21 January 2011 because of continued media coverage of the phone-hacking affair. He was replaced on 2 February 2011 by former BBC Global News Controller of English Craig Oliver. Coulson was arrested by the Metropolitan Police Service on 8 July 2011 "in connection with allegations of corruption and phone hacking".

Early life

Coulson grew up in Wickford, Essex. He attended Beauchamps High School, a secondary school and sixth form college, from 1979 to 1986. Coulson's parents moved from their Basildon council house to nearby Wickford during his childhood.

Career

Coulson started work at 18 as a junior reporter on the ''Basildon Echo'' in 1986. In 1988, he moved to ''The Sun'', working with Piers Morgan on the ''Bizarre'' column and subsequently hiring current Sun editor Dominic Mohan. In 1994, he briefly moved to the ''Daily Mail'', but after nine weeks moved back to ''The Sun'' to edit ''Bizarre''. He set up the website page3.com, which was the first of News International's websites to make a profit. In 2001, in the run up to the general election, he asked Tony and Cherie Blair whether they were members of the mile high club. He became deputy editor of the ''News of the World'' in 2000.

''News of the World'' editor (2003–2007)

Coulson replaced Rebekah Wade as editor in 2003. In an interview with the ''Press Gazette'' in 2005, he said that "Tabloid newspapers in this country do more for its people than any other newspapers in the world".

Coulson resigned on 26 January 2007 over the ''News of the World'' phone hacking affair which would several weeks later see the jailing for four months of the paper's Royal correspondent Clive Goodman. Private investigator Glenn Mulcaire, remunerated by the newspaper, was given a custodial sentence of six months.

On 21 July 2009 Coulson appeared in front of the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee and denied any knowledge of the phone hacking scandal, saying "my instructions to the staff were clear – we did not use subterfuge of any kind unless there was a clear public interest in doing so. They were to work within the PCC code at all times".

In 2008 an employment tribunal upheld a claim of bullying by Coulson whilst he was at the ''News of The World''. A Stratford employment tribunal upheld a claim of unfair dismissal claimed by senior sports writer Matt Driscoll, and stated "We find the behaviour to have been a consistent pattern of bullying behaviour". The judgement singled out Coulson for making "bullying" remarks in an email to Driscoll. The paper was told to pay Driscoll £800,000.

Conservative Party communications director (2007–2010)

Coulson became the Conservative Party's director of communications on 9 July 2007. Various media stories estimated his salary at between £275,000 and £475,000; the party indicated the latter figure was "inaccurate" and that his salary was "substantially less" but refused to provide an exact figure. In July 2011 the ''Mail on Sunday'' alleged that Cameron had been about to appoint the BBC's Guto Harri, but was persuaded by Rebekah Wade to appoint Coulson. The paper quoted "an individual intimately involved in Mr Coulson's recruitment" as saying "Rebekah indicated the job should go to Andy. Cameron was told it should be someone acceptable to News International. The company was also desperate to find something for Andy after he took the rap when the phone hacking first became an issue. The approach was along the lines of, 'If you find something for Andy we will return the favour'."

Director of Communications for the Prime Minister

After David Cameron became Prime Minister in May 2010, he appointed Coulson as Director of Communications for the government at 10 Downing Street. His pay was £140,000, the highest paid special advisor.

Coulson announced his resignation on 21 January 2011. He commented about the ''News of the World'' allegations "I stand by what I've said about those events but when the spokesman needs a spokesman it's time to move on."

In July 2011 questions were raised about Coulson's security vetting at Number Ten. He had not been subjected to the highest level of vetting, "developed vetting", allowing unrestricted access to Top Secret material. His predecessors had had the highest level of vetting, as did his successor and (after his departure) his deputy. ''The Guardian'' said that the disclosure "is understood to have 'absolutely shocked' some Whitehall information staff." According to Chris Bryant MP, senior officials working with Coulson believed that he had the same clearance level as his predecessor. Coulson continued to be an embarrassment to Cameron as it emerged that he was still being paid by News International while working for the then opposition leader.

Private Consultancy

On the 7 February 2011, Coulson and his wife established 'Elbrus Consultants Ltd' (UK Company Number 07519035). The purpose of the company is not recorded by Companies House, but is reportedly a PR agency. Clients include 'One Young World'. Kate Roberston of One Young World told the Guardian "He can't do One Young World work at the moment, that is absolutely clear".

Renewed allegations on phone hacking

As the Conservative Party's director of communications, Coulson continued to be subjected to allegations that he was aware of the hacking of phones while serving as the editor of ''News of the World''. On 7 July 2009, John Prescott called on leader of the Conservative Party David Cameron to remove Coulson from his position, after ''The Guardian'' revealed further details about phone-hacking by the ''News of the World''. Cameron, though, defended Coulson on the morning of 9 July: "I believe in giving people a second chance. As director of communications for the Conservatives he does an excellent job in a proper, upright way at all times."

On 1 September 2010 ''The New York Times'' printed new allegations from former ''News of the World'' reporters alleging that Coulson had "actively encouraged" reporters to illegally intercept voicemail messages, and that he "was present during discussions about phone hacking". Coulson has denied these latest claims. Sean Hoare, – showbusiness reporter at ''News of the World'' during Coulson's reign – speaking on Five Live, who accused Coulson of lying, has said that indeed Coulson did not ask him to phone hack but veiled his request in "metaphorical language" and asked him to practice his "dark arts". And Clive Goodman, in a letter from 2007: "The practice was widely discussed in the daily editorial conference, until explicit reference to it was banned by the editor."

A report aired on Channel 4's ''Dispatches'' in October included remarks made by an unnamed source, said to have been a former senior journalist at the ''News of the World'' who worked alongside Coulson. The source alleged that Coulson had personally listened to messages obtained through phone hacking.

He was a witness in ''HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan'', where he denied under oath that he had any knowledge of phone hacking at the ''News of the World'', or that he knew Glenn Mulcaire, the private detective at the centre of controversy.

However, the Crown Prosecution Service said in December 2010 that it had determined that there was insufficient evidence to charge Coulson over allegations that he was aware of phone-hacking at the publication. The CPS said that witnesses interviewed by Metropolitan Police – including those who had previously made allegations through media outlets – had not been willing to provide admissible evidence.

''The Guardian'' reported on 7 July 2011 that Coulson was to be arrested the following day, along with a senior journalist whom the paper refused to name.

Coulson was arrested at Scotland Yard at 10:30 am on 8 July 2011. He was questioned under caution, and later that day released on police bail until October, but made no comment on his release.

Personal life

Coulson married Eloise Patrick; they have two children and live in Forest Hill, South London. He follows Tottenham Hotspur.

References

External links

Profile: Andy Coulson, ''BBC News'', 8 July 2011

Category:1968 births Category:English newspaper editors Category:Living people Category:News International phone hacking scandal Category:People from Billericay Category:People from Wickford Category:British special advisers Category:News of the World people

de:Andy Coulson ms:Andy Coulson

:''For the first mayor of Calgary, Alberta, see George Murdoch''. :''For the American actor, see George Murdock (actor)''.

Coordinates	33°0′0″N70°10′0″N
Name	George Peter ("Pete") Murdock
Birth date	May 11, 1897
Birth place	Meriden, Connecticut
Death date	March 29, 1985
Death place	Devon, Pennsylvania
Citizenship	USA
Field	anthropology
Doctoral advisor	Albert Galloway Keller
Known for	cross-cultural studies; Human Relations Area Files

George Peter Murdock (May 11, 1897 - March 29, 1985) was a notable American anthropologist. He is remembered for his empirical approach to ethnological studies and his landmark works on Old World populations.

Early life

Born in Meriden, Connecticut to a family that had farmed there for five generations, Murdock spent many childhood hours working on the family farm and acquired a wide knowledge of traditional, non-mechanized, farming methods. He graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1915 and earned an A.B. in American History at Yale University. He then attended Harvard Law School, but quit in his second year and took a long trip around the world. This trip, combined with his interest in traditional material culture, and perhaps a bit of inspiration from the popular Yale teacher A.G. Keller, prompted Murdock to study Anthropology at Yale. Yale's Anthropology program still maintained something of the evolutionary tradition of William Graham Sumner, a quite different emphasis from the historical particularism promulgated by Franz Boas at Columbia. In 1925, he received his doctorate and continued at Yale as a faculty member and chair of the Anthropology department (Whiting 1986: 682-683).

Even in his earliest writings, Murdock's distinctive approach is apparent. He advocates an empirical approach to anthropology, through the compilation of data from independent cultures, and then testing hypotheses by subjecting the data to the appropriate statistical tests. He also sees himself as a social scientist rather than more narrowly as an anthropologist, and is in constant dialogue with researchers in other disciplines. At Yale, he assembled a team of colleagues and employees in an effort to create a cross-cultural data set (Whiting 1986: 683-684).

Believing that a cross-cultural approach would help the U.S. war effort during World War II, Murdock and a few colleagues enlisted in the Navy and wrote handbooks on the cultures of Micronesia, working out of an office at Columbia University. After completing the handbooks, Murdock and his fellow officers were sent to the Pacific as military government officials, serving for nearly a year in the administration of occupied Okinawa. While his pre-war fieldwork had been among the Haida and other indigenous peoples of the Northwest North American coast, Murdock's interests were now focused on Micronesia, and he conducted fieldwork there episodically until the 1960s (Whiting 1986: 684).

Yale

Murdock joined the faculty of Yale University in 1928 (his Ph.D. from Yale was in the field of Sociology, as Yale at that time did not yet have a Department of Anthropology). He served as chairman of the Department of Anthropology from 1938 to 1960. At that time, he hit the then mandatory retirement age at Yale. However, he was offered the chair of Andrew Mellon Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh. Leaving his long-time residence at 960 Ridge Road in Hamden, Connecticut, Murdock moved with his wife to 4150 Bigelow Boulevard in Pittsburgh. He taught at Pitt until his retirement in 1973, at which point he moved to the Philadelphia area to be close to his son.

Carmen and Pete had one child, Robert Douglas Murdock. He was born in 1929 and died in 2011 (obituary, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 28, 2011).

According to David H. Price, in a chapter entitled “Hoover’s Informer”, devoted to Murdock during McCarthyism, Murdock had secretly informed on AAA colleagues to J. Edgar Hoover, even though he later served as chair of the American Anthropological Association’s (AAA’s) Committee on Scientific Freedom, established to defend anthropologists from unfair attacks. In fairness to Murdock, it must be added that he was not the only person in his field or at his university to cooperate with intelligence agencies. For much of the 20th century, agencies such as the CIA and the FBI enjoyed a close relationship with American universities. Yale University was especially known (later) as a breeding ground for employees of the agencies. Researchers in anthropology and foreign relations were often debriefed after foreign field trips (see: Robin W. Winks, Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961. New York: William Morrow, 1987).

In 1948, Murdock decided that his cross-cultural data set would be more valuable were it available to researchers at schools other than Yale. He approached the Social Science Research Council and obtained the funding to establish an inter-university organization, the Human Relations Area Files, with collections maintained at Yale University (Whiting 1986: 684).

Major works

In 1954, Murdock published a list of every known culture, the ''Outline of World Cultures''. In 1957, he published his first cross-cultural data set, the ''World Ethnographic Sample'', consisting of 565 cultures coded for 30 variables. Between 1962 and 1967, he published installments of his ''Ethnographic Atlas'' in the journal ''Ethnology'' --a data set eventually containing almost 1,200 cultures coded for over 100 variables. In 1969, together with Douglas R. White, he developed the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, consisting of a carefully selected set of 186 well-documented cultures that today are coded for about 2000 variables (Whiting 1986: 685).

In 1959, despite having no professional experience in Africa, Murdock published ''Africa: Its peoples and their culture history'', which both constitutes a very useful reference book on African ethnic groups and also broke new ground in the analysis of prehistory, especially the domestication of plants.

University of Pittsburgh

In 1960, Murdock moved to the University of Pittsburgh, where he occupied the Andrew Mellon Chair of Anthropology. In 1971, he was instrumental in founding the Society For Cross-Cultural Research, a scholarly society composed primarily of anthropologists and psychologists (Whiting 1986: 685).

Ethnology

In 1962, Murdock founded ''Ethnology'' An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, published by the University of Pittsburgh. This publication continues in its 45^th volume as one of the pre-eminent anthropology journals in the world.

See also

List of cultures in the standard cross cultural sample

Publications

Murdock, G.P. 1959. Africa: Its peoples and their culture history. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Murdock, G. P. 1967. ''Ethnographic Atlas: A Summary''. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press.

Murdock, G. P. 1981. ''Atlas of World Cultures''. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press.

Murdock, G. P. 1985. Kin Term Patterns and their Distribution. ''World Cultures'' 1(4): stds25.dat, stds25.cod.

Murdock, G. P., R. Textor, H. Barry III, D. R. White, J. P. Gray, and W. Divale. 1999–2000. Ethnographic Atlas. ''World Cultures'' 10(1): 24–136, at01–09.sav; 11(1): ea10.sav (the third electronic version) .

Murdock, G.P, C.S. Ford, A.E. Hudson, R. Kennedy, L. W. Simmons, and J. W. M. Whiting, Outline of Cultural Materials, New Haven: Institute of Human Relations, 1938.

CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES:

Murdock, G. P.. (book) The Evolution of Culture by Julius Lippert (New York: Macmillan, 1931) (translator and editor)

--------. "Ethnocentrism," Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 613–614 (New York, 1931)

--------. "The Science of Culture," American Anthropologist, n.s., 34: 200-215 (1932)

--------. "Lippert, Julius," Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 490–491 (1933)

--------. "The Organization of Inca Society," Scientific Monthly, 38: 231-239 (1934)

--------. (book) Our Primitive Contemporaries (New York: Macmillan, 1934)

--------. "Kinship and Social Behavior among the Haida," American Anthropologist, n.s., 36: 355-385 (1934)

--------. "A Racial Primer," Bulletin of the Associates in the Science of Society, 4.4: 1-3 (1935)

--------. "The Witoto Kinship System," American Anthropologist, n.s., 38: 525-527 (1936)

--------. "Rank and Potlatch among the Haida," Yale University Publications in Anthropology, no. 13, pp. 1–20 (1936)

--------. (book) Studies in the Science of Society (New Haven: Yale, 1937) (editor)

--------. "Correlations of Matrilineal and Patrilineal Institutions. In G. P. Murdock (ed.) Studies in the Science of Society, New Haven: Yale, 1937.

--------. "Comparative Data on the Division of Labor by Sex," Social Forces, 15: 551-553 (1937)

--------. "Anthropological Glossary," Southwestern Monuments, pp. 77–88, 268-274 (1938)

--------. "Notes on the Tenino, Molala, and Paiute of Oregon," American Anthropologist, n.s., 40: 395-402 (1938)

--------. "Guia para la investigacion etnologica, trans. by Radames A. Altieri, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Notas del Instituto de Antropologia, I, ii, 21-131, Tucuman, 1939 (coauthor with C.S. Ford, A. E. Hudson, R. Kennedy, L. W. Simmons, and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "The Cross-Cultural Survey," American Sociological Review, 5: 361-370, 1940

--------. "Double Descent," American Anthropologist, 42:555-561, 1940.

--------. "Ethnographic Bibliography of North America," Yale Anthropological Studies, I, pp. 1–169, 1941

--------. "Anthropology and Human Relations," Sociometry, 4: 140-149, 1941.

--------. "Bronislaw Malinowski," Yale Law Review, 51: 1235-1236, 1942.

--------. "The Yale Survey of South American Ethnology," Proceedings of the Eighth American Scientific Congress, 1940, 2: 199-202. Washington, 1942.

--------. "Marshall Islands," Navy Department (OPNAV 50E), Military Government Handbook, no. 1, pp. 1–113. Washington, 1943 (coauthor with C. S. Ford and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "Bronislaw Malinowski," American Anthropologist, n.s., 45: 441-451, 1943.

--------. "East Caroline Islands," Navy Department (OPNAV 50E), Civil Affairs Handbook, no. 5, pp. 1–213. Washington, 1944. (coauthor with C. S. Ford and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "West Caroline Islands," Navy Department (OPNAV 50E), Civil Affairs Handbook, no. 7, pp. 1–222, Washington, 1944. (coauthor with C.S. Ford and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "Mandated Marianas Islands," Navy Department (OPNAV 50E), Civil Affairs Handbook, no. 8, pp. 1–205, Washington, 1944. (coauthor with C.S. Ford and J.W.M. Whiting)

--------. "Marshall Islands Statistical Supplement," Navy Department (OPNAV 50E), Civil Affairs Handbook, no. 1S, pp. 1–38, Washington, 1944 (coauthor with C.S. Ford and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "Izu and Bonin Islands," Navy Department (OPNAV 50E), Civil Affairs Handbook, no. 9, pp. 1–188. Washington, 1944 (coauthor with C.S. Ford and J.W. M. Whiting)

--------. "Ryukyu (Loochoo) Islands," Navy Department (OPNAV 13), Civil Affairs Handbook, no. 31, pp. 1–334. Washington, 1944. (coauthor with C. S. Ford and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "The Common Denominator of Cultures," in Ralph Linton (ed.), The Science of Man in the World Crisis," New York: Columbia, 1945, pp. 123-142.

--------. "Neustros contemporaneos primitivos" (Spanish translation of Our Primitive Contemporaries), trans. by Teodoro Ortiz. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1945.

--------. Outline of Cultural Materials, rev. ed. Yale Anthropological Studies, II, pp, 1-56. New Haven, 1945 (coauthor with C. S. Ford, A. E. Hudson, R. Kennedy, L. W. Simmons, and J. W. M. Whiting)

--------. "Bifurcate Merging: A Test of Five Theories," American Anthropologist, n.s. 49: 56-68, 1947.

--------. "Family Universals," Marriage and Family Living, 9:39, 1947.

References

Korotayev, Andrey. 2001. An Apologia of George Peter Murdock. Division of Labor by Gender and Postmarital Residence in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Reconsideration. ''World Cultures'' 12(2): 179-203.

Kryukov, M. V.(1968). ''Historical Interpretation of Kinship Terminology''. Moscow: Institute of Ethnography, USSR Academy of Sciences.

David H. Price (2004). "Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists"

"George Peter Murdock, cultural anthropologist" (obituary) The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 2, 1985, page 7B

Category:American anthropologists Category:1897 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Columbia University faculty Category:Harvard Law School alumni Category:Cross-cultural studies Category:People from Connecticut Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty Category:Yale University alumni Category:Yale University faculty

fr:George Murdock (anthropologue) ko:조지 머독 is:George Peter Murdock ja:ジョージ・マードック pl:Peter Murdock ru:Мёрдок, Джордж Питер ta:ஜார்ஜ் பீட்டர் மர்டாக்

Coordinates	33°0′0″N70°10′0″N
name	Ian Somerhalder
birth date	December 08, 1978
birth place	Covington, Louisiana, U.S.
birthname	Ian Joseph Somerhalder
occupation	Actor, model, producer
yearsactive	1997–present }}

Ian Joseph Somerhalder (born December 8, 1978) is an American model, actor and producer, best known for playing Boone Carlyle in the TV drama ''Lost'' and Damon Salvatore in the TV drama ''The Vampire Diaries''.

Early life

Somerhalder was born and raised in Covington, Louisiana, the son of Edna, a massage therapist, and Robert Somerhalder, an independent building contractor. He was raised a Catholic and attended St. Paul's, a private Catholic school in Covington. He embarked on a modeling career from age 10 to 13, and by the age of 17 he decided to go into acting.

Career

In the summer of 2000, Somerhalder starred in the short-lived WB series ''Young Americans'', a spin-off of ''Dawson's Creek''. He played Hamilton Fleming, the son of the dean of a prestigious boarding school. In 2002, Somerhalder played bisexual character Paul Denton in Roger Avary's adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis' novel, ''The Rules of Attraction'', alongside James Van Der Beek, Shannyn Sossamon, and Jessica Biel.

In 2004, Somerhalder scored his breakthrough role when he played Boone Carlyle in the hit TV show ''Lost''. Despite his character's death in the twentieth episode of the first season, Somerhalder returned to the role of Boone for seven more episodes, between 2005 and 2010, including the series finale. In an ironic twist, Somerhalder was the first actor to be cast in a role for the series, but he was also the first character to die. He has stated that he was going to buy a house in Hawaii, where filming took place, until he learned his character was being killed off.

In May 2006, Somerhalder was named one of DNA Models' Top 10 Male Models.

In September 2009, Somerhalder appeared in the movie ''The Tournament'' where he played the role of an assassin participating in a lethal competition with other assassins. On 10 October 2009, it was announced that he will star in the Gothic movie ''Cradlewood'', which is to be directed by Harry Weinmann. The movie is set to be released in 2013.

Somerhalder appears in the limited-edition coffee table book ''About Face'' by celebrity photographer John Russo and Press Worldwide publishers.

Somerhalder currently stars in the CW television drama ''The Vampire Diaries'' as Damon Salvatore, portraying a dangerous, maniacal, witty, whole-hearted vampire in love with his brother's human girlfriend, Elena Gilbert, who is the doppleganger of the Salvatore brothers past love.

Philanthropy

Somerhalder was the first actor/celebrity to become actively involved in the cleanup after the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling disaster on April 22, 2010. His efforts included cleaning of oiled wildlife and taping public service announcements to let the public know how they could help. Numerous Youtube videos are of him speaking of the horrific environmental impacts the oil has done and how others can help. Somerhalder also supports the St. Tammany Humane Society, an organization for animal shelter and welfare. On November 13, 2010, he hosted a Bash on the Bayou charity fundraiser for the St. Tammany Humane Society. During the event, Somerhalder was presented with a donation of $11,100 by ''The Vampire Diaries'' fandom for his birthday project.

Together with his ''The Vampire Diaries'' co-star Candice Accola, Somerhalder is also one of many supporters of the It Gets Better Project, a project that has made it a goal to prevent suicide among LGBT youth, associated with The Trevor Project.

Somerhalder announced, via Twitter, and in various interviews that he is in the process of setting up The Ian Somerhalder Foundation, which he hopes will educate people on the importance of protecting the environment and animals. Somerhalder has stated:

}}

He hopes that donations will be used to provide proper medical services to stray animals and he established the foundation on December 8, 2010, his 32nd birthday.

Filmography

+ Film
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1998		Unconfirmed	Uncredited
2001	''Life as a House''	Josh
2002	''Changing Hearts''	Jason Kelly
2002		Paul Denton
2004		U.S.S. Swordfish Danny Miller
2004	''The Old Man and the Studio''	Matt	Short Film
2006	''National Lampoon's TV: The Movie''	Unconfirmed	Uncredited
2006		Dexter
2006	''The Sensation of Sight''	Drifter
2008	''The Lost Samaritan''	William Archer
2008	''Lost City Raiders''	Jack Kubiak
2009		Tyler
2009		Miles Slade
2010	''How to Make Love to a Woman''	Daniel Meltzer
2012	''Cradlewood''	Josh	Pre-production

+ Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1997		I.Q.	1 episode: "The Black Bag"
1999	''Now and Again''	Brian	1 episode: "A Girl's Life"
2000		Hamilton Fleming	8 episodes
2001	''Anatomy of a Hate Crime''	Russell Henderson	TV Film
2002	''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation''	Tony Del Nagro	1 episode: "Revenge Is Best Served Cold"
2003	''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit''	Charlie Baker	1 episode: "Dominance"
2003	''CSI: Miami''	Ricky Murdoch	1 episode: "The Best Defense"
2004		Jordan Gracie	TV Film
2004	''Smallville''	Adam Knight	7 episodes
2007		Marco Polo	TV Film
2007	''Tell Me You Love Me''	Nick	6 episodes
2008	''Lost City Raiders''	Jack Kubiak	TV Film
2009	''Fireball''	Lee Cooper	TV Film
2004–2010		Boone Carlyle	27 episodes
2009–present	''The Vampire Diaries''	Damon Salvatore	Lead role

Awards

!Year	!Category	!Shared with	!Recipient	!Result
2002	Exciting New Face – Male	N/A	N/A	Winner
2005	Choice TV Breakout Performance – Male	N/A		Nominated
2006	Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series			Winner
	Choice TV Villain			Winner
Choice Male Hottie	Nominated
	Choice TV Actor Fantasy/Sci-Fi	Winner
Choice Vampire
Choice Male Hottie
2011	Favourite TV Drama Actor	N/A	''The Vampire Diaries'' (2009)	Nominated

References

External links

Category:1978 births Category:Actors from Louisiana Category:American film actors Category:American male models Category:American television actors Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Living people Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Covington, Louisiana Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana

ar:إيان سومرهالدر be-x-old:Ян Самэрхолдэр bg:Иън Сомърхолдър ca:Ian Somerhalder cs:Ian Somerhalder da:Ian Somerhalder de:Ian Somerhalder es:Ian Somerhalder eu:Ian Somerhalder fa:یان سامرهلدر fr:Ian Somerhalder ko:이언 서머헐더 hy:Իեն Սոմերհոլդեր hr:Ian Somerhalder id:Ian Somerhalder it:Ian Somerhalder he:איאן סומרהולדר lt:Ian Somerhalder hu:Ian Somerhalder ms:Ian Somerhalder nl:Ian Somerhalder ja:イアン・サマーホルダー no:Ian Somerhalder pl:Ian Somerhalder pt:Ian Somerhalder ru:Сомерхолдер, Иэн sl:Ian Somerhalder fi:Ian Somerhalder sv:Ian Somerhalder th:เอียน โซเมอร์ฮอลเดอร์ tr:Ian Somerhalder uk:Ян Сомерхолдер zh:伊恩·桑莫哈德

Coordinates	33°0′0″N70°10′0″N
name	Sophia Bush
birth name	Sophia Anna Bush
birth date	July 08, 1982
birth place	Pasadena, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, director, spokesperson
yearsactive	2002–present
spouse	Chad Michael Murray(m. 2005–2006)
partner	Austin Nichols (2006–present)
website	http://www.sophiabush.com }}

Sophia Anna Bush (born July 8, 1982) is an American actress, director and spokesperson. She currently stars in the CW television series ''One Tree Hill '' where she portrays Brooke Davis. Bush is additionally known for her film portrayals in the 2007 remake ''The Hitcher'', ''John Tucker Must Die'' and ''The Narrows''.

Early life

Bush was born in Pasadena, California. She is the only child of Maureen, a photography studio manager, and Charles William Bush, an advertising and celebrity photographer. Bush is of Italian descent. She graduated from Westridge School for Girls in 2000 in Pasadena, California. While there, she played on the volleyball team. The school also required their students to participate in the theatre arts program. Bush states, "Part of my school's requirement was to do a play. I was really irritated because I wanted to play volleyball and I had to go and do this play. But there was a moment after the performance when I realized I had gone and been somebody else. I thought, 'If I could do this for the rest of my life, I am set.' It was like love at first sight."

At the age of 17, Bush was named the Tournament of Roses Parade Queen. Bush attended the University of Southern California (USC) as a journalism major until her junior year, where she was a member and Social Chair of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority.

In 2003, Bush was cast to play the role of Brooke Davis on ''One Tree Hill''. Subsequently, she stopped attending USC.

Career

Bush made her first big screen appearance in the comedy feature film ''Van Wilder''. Following, she made appearances in several television shows, such as ''Nip/Tuck'', ''Sabrina, the Teenage Witch'', and ''Punk'd''. She was cast as Kate Brewster in ''Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines'', but was replaced by Claire Danes because the director thought she was too young for the role. In 2003, she got the role of Brooke Davis in the CW television series ''One Tree Hill''. Her character, Brooke Davis, evolved from a trouble-making vixen to a fiercely loyal friend. After Bush gained mainstream fame, she became a spokesperson for high-profile brands. She posed on the cover of several mainstream magazines such as ''Entertainment Weekly'', ''Lucky'', ''Maxim'', ''Glamour'' and ''InStyle'' and has had several endorsement deals, one of her latest endorsements is for Op's fall campaign OPen Campus. Bush and her ''One Tree Hill'' co-stars were endorsers for MasterCard, Kmart, Chevy Cobalt and Cingular wireless.

In July 2006, Bush starred in the 20th Century Fox feature film ''John Tucker Must Die'' alongside Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow. The film was a commercial success grossing over 60 million worldwide. The same year, she also starred in Buena Vista Pictures' thriller film, ''Stay Alive'' alongside Frankie Muniz and Adam Goldberg. The film opened at No. 3 in the U.S. box office, and is considered a box office success due to its production budget of nine million dollars.

In 2008, Bush starred in François Velle's independent film ''The Narrows'' with Kevin Zegers, Eddie Cahill and Vincent D'Onofrio. She played the beautiful, intelligent and self-assured Kathy Popovich. The film is based on Tim McLoughlin's novel ''Heart of the Old Country'' and it premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008. Her most recently released role is in the 2011 film ''Chalet Girl''.

Personal life

On April 16, 2005, Bush married actor Chad Michael Murray, her ''One Tree Hill'' co-star. They dated for almost two years before they were married in Santa Monica. They announced their separation on September 26, 2005 after five months of marriage when Bush filed court papers to have their marriage annulled citing fraud. In December 2006, Bush and Murray's divorce was finalized. Bush later said, "It devastates me now that I have been reduced to a Hollywood statistic–another joke marriage. I never expected to be married more than once...but I still believe in love."

On October 27, 2008, amid rumors of Bush dating fellow ''One Tree Hill'' co-star James Lafferty, Murray seemed to have confirmed the romance. "Sophia and I are both professional and mature enough to get through it ... and now it's just easy. We're just friends. And she's got James, and James and I are friends."

On May 25, 2010, Bush confirmed that she has been dating fellow ''One Tree Hill'' co-star Austin Nichols on and off for the past four years. It was also revealed that Nichols took a job on ''One Tree Hill'' to be with Bush.

On January 8, 2011, Bush's nine-year-old second cousin, Christina-Taylor Green, was fatally shot in the assassination attempt on Rep. Gabrielle Giffords in Tucson, Arizona. Green was the youngest victim of the massacre, which claimed the lives of six and injured 14.

Public image

Activism

Bush has been actively involved in political issues. She supported Barack Obama as President. In February 2008, she made several appearances in Texas in support of the Obama campaign in the Texas Presidential primary election. She was joined in Dallas, Fort Worth, and Waco by fellow actor Adam Rodríguez. Touring mostly college campuses, they urged young voters to get involved politically. In April 2009, along with stars including Sarah Chalke, Jason Lewis, Alicia Silverstone, Jane Lynch and Lance Bass, Bush appeared in a video on Funny or Die called "A Gaythering Storm", which parodied a NOM video objecting to same-sex marriage.

Bush set up a fundraiser intended to help people living in the area of the Gulf of Mexico affected by the environmental disaster of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. The actress has personally visited Louisiana and testified in interviews the horror she felt when she visited those places. The fundraiser is currently underway on the Internet through crowdsourcing website Crowdrise.com. The actress, to support the fundraiser, said that next November she's going to run a half marathon, despite having asthma and a year-old knee injury.

Bush has additionally teamed up with Dosomething.org to raise more environmental awareness among teens. She was chosen as the spokesperson to endorse the launch of eMission, a Facebook game with the social mission to engage America's youth in fighting climate change created through the joint efforts of Do Something and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Energy Star program. The actress said about her involvement that, "I'm thrilled to be joining DoSomething. I think they do wonderful work. Teens are already on Facebook playing games, so why not play one that's going to change your life for the better? Young people need to hear that they're powerful and can be leaders in change. This is the idea behind eMission." In 2011, she won the Do Something Twitter Award for having spread the word via her Twitter account on how her followers could help with the cleanup after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.

As a sex symbol

Bush is considered a sex symbol. In April 2007, she ranked #90 in the British popular men's magazine ''FHM'', in their countdown of 100 Sexiest Women of 2007. Subsequently, she ranked #89 in the US edition of the same magazine. In May 2007, Bush ranked high at #24 in the ''Maxim'' Hot 100 List of 2007. She has also appeared on the cover of the November 2006 edition of ''Maxim'' with ''One Tree Hill'' co-stars Hilarie Burton and Danneel Harris. In previous years, Bush has ranked #3 on Femme Fatales: The 50 Sexiest Women of 2004 and named #15 on MuchMusic's 20 Hottest Women of 2004.

Bush has been featured in ''People's'' "Beautiful at Every Age" and "Most Beautiful" for several years.

Year !! Countdown Name !! Rank #
rowspan="2"	2004	''Femme Fatales: The 50 Sexiest Women of 2004''	3
''MuchMusic's 20 Hottest Women of 2004''	15
rowspan="3"	2007	Maxim (magazine)>Maxim's Hot 100 List of 2007''
''FHM's 100 Sexiest Women of 2007''	90 UK
''FHM's 100 Sexiest Women of 2007''	89 US
rowspan="10"	2008	''AskMen's Top 99 Women of 2008''
''FHM's 100 Sexiest Women of 2008	24 UK
''The 50 Hottest Women on Television''	33
''The 2008 AfterEllen.com Hot 100	63
''Fall TV's Sexiest Primetime Stars	6
''The Top 15 Hottest Former Sorority Girls''	4
''SWM in SEA's 25 Hottest Women of 2008: Major Win Edition''	5
''The 21 Hottest Italian Women Alive''	4
''TV's 50 Sexiest Women of 2008''	4
''Most Beautiful Faces 2008''	20
rowspan="2"	2009	''BuddyTV's 50 Most Eligible Bachelorettes of 2009''
''Most Beautiful Faces 2009''	4
	2010	''Most Beautiful Faces 2010''

Filmography

+ Theatrical films
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2002	''Van Wilder''	Sally
2003	''Learning Curves''	Beth
2005		Zoe Lang
2006	''Stay Alive''	October Bantum
2006	''John Tucker Must Die''	Beth
2007		Grace Andrews
2008		Kathy Popovich
2009	''Table for Three''	Mary	Direct-to-video
2011	''Chalet Girl''	Chloe
2012	''Easy Rider''	Sarah

+ Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2002	''Points of Origin''	Carrie Orr
2003	''The Flannerys''	Katie Flannery	Unaired pilot
2003		Fate Mackenzie
2003	''Nip/Tuck''	Ridley Lange	3 episodes: "Nanette Babcock", "Megan O'Hara" and "Cliff Mantegna"
2003–present		Brooke Davis	Also director
2005	''Punk'd''	Herself	1 episode
2010	''Southern Discomfort''	Haley	Unaired pilot
2011	''Phineas and Ferb''	Sara	Voice1 episode: "Candace Gets Busted"

Accolades

! Year	! Group	! Award	! Result	! Notes
		Choice TV Actress – Drama		rowspan="2"
	Choice TV Actress – Drama/Action/Adventure
	Choice Movie Actress – Comedy		''John Tucker Must Die''
Choice Movie Actress – Horror/Thriller
Choice Movie Breakout – Female		''The Hitcher'' and ''John Tucker Must Die''
Vail Film Festival	Rising Star Award
Reality Care Achievement Awards	The Young Philanthropist Achievement Award		Honoured for her Environmental Philanthropy
Global Green USA Sustainable Design Awards	Entertainment Design		Honoured for her Environmental Philanthropy
		Do Something Twitter Award

References

External links

Category:1982 births Category:Actors from California Category:American film actors Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American television actors Category:Beauty pageant contestants from California Category:Living people Category:People from Pasadena, California Category:People from the San Gabriel Valley Category:University of Southern California alumni

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