Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (
Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin June 6, 1799 –
February 10, 1837) was a
Russian author of the
Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest
Russian poet and the founder of modern
Russian literature.
Pushkin was born into
Russian nobility in
Moscow. His matrilineal great grandfather –
Abram Gannibal – was brought over as a slave from Eritrean and had risen to become an aristocrat. Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. While under the strict surveillance of the
Tsar's political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, the drama
Boris Godunov. His novel in verse,
Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832. Notoriously touchy about his honour, Pushkin fought as many as twenty-nine duels, and was fatally wounded in such an encounter with
Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès. Pushkin had accused D'Anthès, a
French officer serving with the
Chevalier Guard Regiment of attempting to seduce the poet's wife,
Natalya Pushkina.
Pushkin's father, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1767–
1848), was descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility that traced its ancestry back to the
12th century. Pushkin's mother
Nadezhda (Nadya) Ossipovna
Gannibal (
1775–1836) was descended through her paternal grandmother from
German and
Scandinavian nobility. She was the daughter of Ossip Abramovich Gannibal (1744–1807) and his wife,
Maria Alekseyevna Pushkina (1745–1818). Ossip Abramovich Gannibal's father, Pushkin's great-grandfather, was
Abram Petrovich Gannibal (
1696–1781), a
Black African page kidnapped and brought to
Russia as a gift for
Peter the Great.
Abram wrote in a letter to
Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter, that he was from the town of "Lagon". Russian biographers concluded from the beginning that Lagon was in
Ethiopia, a nation with
Orthodox Christian associations.
Vladimir Nabokov, when researching Eugene Onegin, cast serious doubt on this
Ethiopian origin theory. In
1995 Dieudonné Gnammankou outlined a strong case that "Lagon" was a town located on the southern side of
Lake Chad, now in northern
Cameroon. However, there is no conclusive evidence for either theory. After education in
France as a military engineer, Abram Gannibal became governor of
Reval and eventually Général en
Chef (the third most senior army rank) in charge of the building of sea forts and canals in Russia.
Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen. By the time he finished school as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious
Imperial Lyceum in
Tsarskoe Selo near
Saint Petersburg, his talent was already widely recognized within the Russian literary scene.
After school, Pushkin plunged into the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, Saint Petersburg. In 1820 he published his first long poem,
Ruslan and Lyudmila, amidst much controversy about its subject and style.
Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital (1820). He went to the
Caucasus and to the
Crimea, then to Kamenka and
Chisinau, where he became a Freemason. Pushkin's married lover,
Anna Petrovna Kern, for whom he probably wrote the most famous love poem in the
Russian language. Here he joined the
Filiki Eteria, a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow
Ottoman rule in Greece and establish an independent
Greek state. He was inspired by the
Greek Revolution and when the war against the
Ottoman Turks broke out he kept a diary recording the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in Chisinau until 1823 and wrote two
Romantic poems which brought him wide acclaim;
The Captive of the Caucasus and
The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. In 1823 Pushkin moved to
Odessa, where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile on his mother's rural estate of Mikhailovskoe (near
Pskov) from 1824 to 1826. In Mikhailovskoe, Pushkin wrote nostalgic love poems which had been dedicated to
Elizaveta Vorontsova, wife of
Malorossia's General-Governor. Then Pushkin continued work on his verse-novel Eugene Onegin.
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- published: 22 Mar 2015
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