The Elu language (also Hela, Helu) is the ancient form of the Sinhala variant of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages. R. C. Childers in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society states:

[Elu] is the name by which is known an ancient form of the Sinhalese language from which the modern vernacular of Ceylon is immediately received, and to which the latter bears is of the same relation that the English of today bears to Anglo-Saxon...The name Elu is no other than Sinhala much succeeded, standing for an older form, Hĕla or Hĕlu, which occurs in some ancient works, and this again for a still older, Sĕla, which brings us back to the Pali Sîhala.^[1]

The Pali scholar T. W. Rhys Davids refers to Elu as "the Prakrit of Ceylon".^[2]

Elu is considered by some scholars to be a type of Prakrit from India while others contend it is entirely native to Sri Lanka. The Hela Havula are a Sri Lankan literary organization that advocate the use of the Elu terms over the Sanskritic ones. Elu is often referred to by modern Sinhalese as "amisra Sinhala", meaning non mixed Sinhala.

A feature of Elu is its preference for short vowels, deasipiration and the obliteration of compound consonants found frequently in other Prakrits such as Sanskrit and Pali.

Elu in comparison with Pali and Sanskrit[link]

Being a Prakrit, Elu is closely related to other Prakrits such as Pali. Indeed, a very large proportion of Elu word-stems are identical in form to Pali. The connections were sufficiently well known that technical terms from Pali and Sanskrit were easily converted into Elu by a set of conventional phonological transformations. Because of the prevalence of these transformations, it is not always possible to tell whether a given Elu word is a part of the old Prakrit lexicon, or a transformed borrowing from Sanskrit.

Vowels and diphthongs[link]

• Sanskrit ai and au always monophthongize to Elu e and o, respectively

Examples: maitrī → met, auṣadha → osada

• Sanskrit avi becomes Elu e (i.e. avi → ai → e)

Example: sthavira' → thera

Sound changes[link]

• Initial ca in Sanskrit and Pali becomes s or h

Examples: canda → saⁿda, haⁿda

• P if not omitted becomes v

Examples: rūpa → ruva, dīpa → diva

• The Sanskrit sibilants ś, ṣ, and s merge as Elu s

Examples: śaraṇa → saraṇa, doṣa → dosa

• The Sanskrit kti becomes ti or vi

Examples: bhakthi → bätiya, shakthi → saviya

Compound consonants[link]

At the beginning of a word only a single consonant can remain

Examples: dharma → dahama

Examples: prāna → pana

In the middle of a word no group may exceed one consonant

Examples: arta → aruta

Examples: danta → data

References[link]

1. ^ Sir Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell, William Crooke (2006), A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, Asian Educational Services, p. 344, ISBN 0-7007-0321-7 
2. ^ T. W. Rhys D. (2007), Buddhist India, READ BOOKS, p. 155, ISBN 1-4067-5632-6 

See also[link]

• Linguistic history of India

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Pamela Beryl Harriman (née Digby; 20 March 1920 – 5 February 1997), also known as Pamela Churchill Harriman, was an English-born socialite who was married and linked to important and powerful men. In later life, she became a political activist for the United States Democratic Party and a diplomat. Her only child, Winston Churchill, was named after his famous grandfather.

Early life[link]

Pamela Beryl Digby was born in Farnborough, Hampshire, England, the daughter of Edward Digby, 11th Baron Digby, and his wife, Constance Pamela Alice, the daughter of Henry Campbell Bruce, 2nd Baron Aberdare, a peer in the House of Lords. Pamela Digby was educated by governesses in the ancestral home at Minterne Magna in Dorset, along with her three younger siblings. Her great-great aunt was the nineteenth-century adventurer and courtesan Jane Digby, notorious for her exotic travels and scandalous personal life. Pamela was to follow in her ancestor's footsteps, being frequently cited as "the 20th-century's greatest courtesan."

Amid acres of Dorset farmland and woods, Pamela as a young girl enjoyed an idyllic lifestyle at the top of the county’s social tree. From an early age Pamela was a very good horsewoman. She competed at shows at the International Olympia, Royal Bath and West Show, and local shows at Dorchester and Melplash. She show-jumped a tiny pony called Stardust that did a clear round at Olympia when every fence was above the animal’s withers.

At the age of seventeen, she was sent to a Munich boarding school for six months. While there she was introduced to Adolf Hitler by Unity Mitford. She subsequently went to Paris, where she took some classes at the Sorbonne. Although in her Who's Who biography she identified these classes as "post-graduate" work, she actually never completed a college degree.^[1] By 1937, she had returned to England.

Marriage to Randolph Churchill[link]

In 1939, while working at the Foreign Office in London doing French-to-English translations, Pamela met Randolph Churchill, the son of Winston Churchill. Randolph proposed to her on the very evening they met, and they were married on 4 October 1939. Two days after Randolph Churchill took his seat in the House of Commons, their son Winston was born. Shortly after birth, Pamela and the newborn were photographed by Cecil Beaton for Life Magazine, its first cover of a mother with baby.^[2]

In February 1941, Randolph was sent to Cairo for military service, where he accrued large gambling debts. His letter to Pamela asking her to make good on his debts, along with her affair with Averell Harriman, combined to shatter their marriage. Eventually, she filed for divorce in December 1945 on the grounds that he had deserted her for three years. Later, after having converted to Catholicism, she obtained an annulment from the Catholic Church.^[2]

Romantic involvements and affairs[link]

Beside two additional marriages, Pamela Harriman had numerous affairs with men of prominence and wealth. During her marriage to Randolph Churchill, she had romantic involvements with men such as: Averell Harriman, who would much later become her third husband; Edward R. Murrow; and John Hay "Jock" Whitney. Notable consorts after her divorce included Prince Aly Khan, Alfonso de Portago, Gianni Agnelli, and Baron Elie de Rothschild.^[2][3]

Churchill became well known for her attention to detail with men. When involved romantically with a man, she paid extremely close attention to his desires, his preferences, and went to any lengths necessary to satisfy his needs during the affair. William S. Paley, briefly a consort during the war, said: "She is the greatest courtesan of the century", meaning it more as a compliment than a detraction.^[2] According to Max Hastings, "she was unkindly described as having become 'a world expert on rich men's bedroom ceilings'."^[4]

After her divorce from Randolph Churchill, she moved to Paris and in 1948 began her five-year-long affair with Gianni Agnelli. She described this as the happiest period of her life. Agnelli, however, was not faithful in this relationship. In 1952, Pamela found him with a young woman, Anne-Marie d'Estainville, and threw a rare fit about this. Agnelli sustained a severe leg injury in a car accident while bringing d'Estainville home. Pamela nursed him through his injury, and later became pregnant (although it was never confirmed that this was by Agnelli), but had an abortion in Switzerland. Later, Princess Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto became pregnant by Agnelli, and Pamela Churchill ended the affair.^[3]

Her next significant relationship was with Baron Elie de Rothschild, who was married. He supported her financially, and she was schooled in art history and wine-making during this clandestine and short relationship.^[5] During this time she also entertained an affair with the writer Maurice Druon and with the shipping magnate Stavros Niarchos.^[2]

Marriage to Leland Hayward[link]

In 1959, she met Broadway producer Leland Hayward who was still married to Slim Hawks. He proposed to her, and after her marriage ultimatum to Rothschild was rejected, she accepted Hayward's offer and moved to New York. The day Hayward's divorce was final, she became the fifth Mrs. Hayward with the ceremony taking place in Carson City, Nevada on 4 May 1960. Hayward was rich with income from his productions, notably the very successful The Sound of Music, allowing for a lavish and luxurious life style mostly between their residence in New York City and the Westchester County estate "Haywire." Haywire also became the name of the bitter memoirs of her stepdaughter Brooke Hayward. Pamela Hayward stayed with her husband until his death on 18 March 1971.

Marriage to Averell Harriman[link]

The day after Hayward's funeral, Pamela arranged to resume her acquaintance with her former lover Averell Harriman, then 79 years old and recently widowed. They were married on 27 September 1971. With this marriage, her social focus was moved to Washington, DC, where he owned a townhouse in Georgetown from which they entertained many notable persons. Harriman, a railroad heir, was wealthy and also bought an estate in Virginia and a private jet. With Harriman's involvement and links in the Democratic Party, her political career got started. Her last marriage lasted until his death in 1986. In later years, she had significant legal problems with Harriman's children concerning the inheritance.^[2]

Political life[link]

As Pamela Churchill Harriman she became a United States citizen in 1971 and became involved with the Democratic Party, creating a fund-raising system — a political action committee — named "Democrats for the 80s", later "Democrats for the 90s", and nicknamed "PamPAC". In 1980, the National Women's Democratic Club named her "Woman of the Year". U.S. President Bill Clinton appointed her United States Ambassador to France in 1993. The Dayton Agreement was signed in Paris in 1995 while she served as ambassador.

Pamela Harriman died on 5 February 1997 at the American Hospital, Neuilly-sur-Seine, after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage while swimming at the Paris Ritz one day earlier. The morning after her death, President Jacques Chirac of France placed the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur on her flag-draped coffin. She was the first female foreign diplomat to receive this honour. President Clinton, in further recognition of her contributions and significance, dispatched Air Force One to return her body to the United States and spoke movingly at her funeral at the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

She was buried 14 February 1997 at Arden, the Harriman estate near New York.

Her life story has been the subject of a documentary film, and has been somewhat Hollywoodised in the 1998 TV movie The Life of the Party: The Pamela Harriman Story with Ann-Margret in the title role. In the biography of Madeleine Albright, Pamela Harriman is cited in contrast to Albright, as a socialite who slept her way to the top. In addition, the novel Absolute Power tells the tale of a fictional woman named Christy Sullivan, married to a much older W. Sullivan (a striking similarity to the name W. Averell Harriman perhaps), whose extramarital liaison with the President ends in her murder. In a new two-character play Swimming at The Ritz by Charles Leipart, Pamela Harriman, in need of $40 million to settle a family lawsuit, regales the audience with tales from her past. She and a hotel valet wait in a Paris Ritz suite for appraisers from Christie's who are preparing to auction her possessions.

Titles and styles[link]

• The Honourable Pamela Beryl Digby (1920–1939)
• The Hon. Mrs. Churchill (1939–1945)
• The Hon. Pamela Churchill (1945–1960)
• The Hon. Mrs. Hayward (1960–1971)
• The Hon. Pamela Hayward (1971)
• The Hon. Mrs. Harriman (1971–1997)
• The Honorable Pamela Churchill Harriman (1993–1997), United States Ambassador to France^[6]

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Reflected Glory:the Life of Pamela Churchill Harriman, Sally Bedel Smith, 1996. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80950-8
• Life of the Party:the Biography of Pamela Digby Churchill Hayward Harriman, Christopher Ogden, 1994.
• Dorset Pioneers, Jack Dwyer, 2009. The History Press ISBN 978-0-7524-5346-0
• Swimming at The Ritz Charles Leipart, premiered in June 2010, at Devonshire Park Theatre, Eastbourne, UK.

External links[link]

• The Pamela Harriman Foreign Service Fellowship
• Channel 4 documentary on Pamela Harriman

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