Science Documentary: Large Hadron Collider, Time, Galaxy Formation a Documentary on Particle Physics What is the Universe made of? That is what scientists are trying to answer with the help of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and the FERMIlab just outside of Chicago. 80% of the matter that fills the Universe is invisible, and this matter is referred to as Dark Matter, yet all matter in the Universe is made out of the same constituents. Matter is made up of atoms, atoms are made up of electrons circling around nuclei, the nucleus consists of a proton and a neutron. But within those particles ly other subatomic particles called quarks. The particles holding the quarks together are called the gluons. Electromagnetism is what hold the electrons in orbit around the nucleus of the atom. But there are other forces at work. Gravity is one you are most likely familiar with. The Discovery of the first elementary particle was by JJ Thomson who found that atoms were divisible and that they had electrons inside them. The way in which he showed this is much like the way an old style TV set works with a cathode ray tube. This is much like the way a particle accelerator works by extracting electrons from the atom and accelerating them at close to the speed of light towards another particle until they collide. Then when they collide we try to see what results from the collision. Many of the first elementary particles were discovered in the cosmic radiation. These particles produce many other different types of particles. The discovery of antimatter was first predicted to exist by Dirac, and was latter confirmed by Anderson through the discovery of the positron which is the antiparticle of the electron. The positron was discovered in the cosmic rays. Matter and antimatter particles have the same mass but opposite charges. The standard model of particle physics includes the funamental particles of matter. These are the electron, muon and tau, and six quarks, which are up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. And there are four elementary forces, Gravity, Electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force , and the strong nuclear force. So, the matter particles along with the fundamental interactions can explain all visible matter in the universe. This can be thought of as the Cosmic DNA. The evolution of the universe is as follows, 1 pico second after the Big Bang mass appeared, 1 microsecond after the Big Bang protons and neutrons formed, 3 minutes after the Big Bang nuclei formed, and then 300,000 years after the Big Bang the first atoms formed. Thanks to the work done with the Large Hadron Collider, we are able to understand what happened at very early stages of the Universe. Newton showed us that weight is proportional to mass, and Einstein showed us that energy is proportional to mass with his formula E=MC^2. But they neglected to mention what mass is. Peter Higgs gave us a theory as to where mass comes from which is that the Higgs Boson is at the origin of the masses of all elementary particles. There is five times as much Dark Matter in the Universe as there is visible matter. The evidence for Dark Matter is that galaxies rotate so fast that there must be something holding them together, because otherwise they would fly apart due to centripetal force. All that exists in the universe at all, is physical existence that science studies. There isn't a separate portion of mental events or a separate portion of mathematical events, there is only things that exist naturally. But there is a big division among naturalists due to views on time. There is timeless naturalism which refers to all matter, atoms, etc. simply moving through nothingness interdependent of time. But if the natural laws are timeless and not due to a cause and effect then they cannot be explained within the methods that physicists have to bring to the science. Because physicists can explain why something is the way it is when it is the result of some causal process of time. So to presume that the laws of nature are timeless, and not be able to be influenced or involve probability, means that they are outside of explanation. Galaxies are collections of stars, held together by gravity. But galaxies also contain gas and dust which also form new stars. But there are other things that make up galaxies like Dark Matter, which keeps the galaxies from flying apart, and Black holes, which reside at the center of galaxies. Science Documentary: Big Bang, Inflation, Multiverse, a Documentary on Cosmology https://youtu.be/I11fBDyim1U Science Documentary: The Sun, a science documentary on star life cycles, star formation https://youtu.be/VJ9fmAGShvs Science Documentary: Planet formation, a documentary on elements, early earth and plate tectonics https://youtu.be/yQexV341t-E Science Documentary : Electromagnetic Spectrum , a science documentary on forms of light https://youtu.be/41Q6FeO-_8I

• published: 19 May 2015
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