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Government and politics
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government.
Following the resignation of
President Suharto in
1998,
Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the
1945 Constitution of Indonesia have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the
Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The
2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.
The highest representative body at national level is the
People's Consultative Assembly (
MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president. The MPR comprises two houses; the
People's Representative Council (
DPR), with 560 members, and the
Regional Representative Council (
DPD), with 132 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional representation. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance. The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.
Most civil disputes appear before a
State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the
High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi).
The Supreme Court (
Mahkamah Agung) is the country's highest court, and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the
Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a
State Administrative Court (Pengadilan
Tata Negara) to hear administrative law cases against the government; a
Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a
Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) to deal with codified
Sharia Law cases.
Foreign relations and military
In contrast to
Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with
Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the
Suharto "
New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with
Western nations. Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in
Asia, and is a founding member of
ASEAN and the
East Asia Summit. The nation restored relations with the
People's Republic of China in
1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the
Suharto era. Indonesia has been a member of the
United Nations since
1950, and was a founder of the
Non-Aligned Movement (
NAM) and the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference (
OIC, now the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation). Indonesia is signatory to the
ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the
Cairns Group, and the
WTO, and has historically been a member of
OPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the
United States, western
Europe,
Australia, and
Japan.
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 247