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Bai Juyi
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The Four Beauties or Four Great Beauties are four ancient Chinese women, renowned for their beauty. Three of these women were genuine historical figures, but the scarcity of historical records concerning them meant that much of what is known of them today has been greatly embellished by legend. They gained their reputation from the influence they exercised over kings and emperors and consequently, the way their actions impacted Chinese history. Three of the Four Great Beauties brought kingdoms to their knees, and the lives of all four ended in tragic or under mysterious circumstances.
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Liaoning
() is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is Liao (辽 pinyin: liáo).
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Peng Xiuwen
Peng Xiuwen (; pinyin: Péng Xiūwén; b. Hubei, China, February 7, 1931; d. Beijing, China, December 1996) was a noted Chinese conductor and composer. He was a native of Wuhan, in the Hubei province of central China.
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Ruan Xian
Ruan Xian (; pinyin: Ruǎn Xián; fl. 3rd century), a Chinese scholar who lived during the Six Dynasties period, is one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. The Chinese lute called ruan is named for him, as he was a skilled player of this instrument.
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Sichuan
(zh|c=; Sichuanese Pinyin: Si4cuan1; ; Postal map spelling: Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四路 (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Wang Zhaojun
Wang Qiang (王牆 also 王檣; 王嬙), more commonly known by her style name Wang Zhaojun (王昭君 pinyin: Wáng Zhāojūn) was the consort of the Xiongnu shanyu Huhanye (呼韓邪). She is famed as one of the Four Beauties of ancient China.
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China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Dunhuang (, also written as ('Blazing Beacon') until the early Qing Dynasty, Greek Θροάνα, Sogdian δrw’’n or δrw’n */Θruwā́n/) is a city (pop. 187,578 (2000)) in Jiuquan, Gansu province, China. It was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road. It was also known at times as Shachou, or 'City of Sands'.
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The Han Dynasty (; ; 206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people".
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() is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is Liao (辽 pinyin: liáo).
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The is one of the pre-eminent national art museums in Japan.
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The Northern Wei Dynasty (), also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏), Later Wei (後魏), or Yuan Wei (元魏), was a dynasty which ruled China from 386 to 534. It has been described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change". It is perhaps most noted for the unification of northern China in 439, but was also a period when foreign ideas were introduced, and Buddhism became firmly established. Many antiques and art works, both Daoist and Buddhist, from this period have survived. During the Taihe period under the Emperor Xiaowen, court advisers instituted sweeping reforms and introduced changes that eventually led in 494 AD to the dynasty moving its capital from Datong to Luoyang. It was the time of the construction of the Buddhist cave sites of Yungang by Datong during the mid-to-late 5th century, and towards the latter part of the dynasty, the Longmen Caves outside the later capital city of Loyang, in which more than 30,000 Buddhist images from the time of this dynasty have been found. It is thought the dynasty originated from the Tuoba clan of the non-Han Xianbei tribe. The Tuoba renamed themselves the Yuan as a part of systematic Sinicization. Towards the end of the dynasty there was significant internal dissension resulting in a split into Eastern Wei Dynasty and Western Wei Dynasty.
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({{zh|c=; Sichuanese Pinyin: Si4cuan1; ; Postal map spelling: Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 (Sìchuān), is an abbreviation of 四川路 (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四路 (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
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Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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- Alto
- Bai Juyi
- Bass (instrument)
- Beijing opera
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Ruan, Maud Filmography
Ruan
Album releases
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- Alto
- Bai Juyi
- Bass (instrument)
- Beijing opera
- Cao Wei
- cello
- China
- Chinese opera
- Chinese orchestra
- chordophone
- concerto
- Contrabass
- dalaruan
- diyingehu
- double bass
- Dunhuang
- Dunhuang Caves
- Eastern Han
- Eastern Han Dynasty
- Empress Wu Zetian
- Four Beauties
- frescoes
- fret
- gehu
- Grand Khan
- guitar pick
- Guzheng
- Han Dynasty
- harp
- Henan
- konghou
- Laruan
- Liaoning
- liuqin
- lute
- mother of pearl
- Nara National Museum
- Northern Wei
- Peng Xiuwen
- pinyin
- pipa
- plectrum
- Qin Dynasty
- qinqin
- quartet
- red sandalwood
- Ruan Xian
- Shosoin
- Sichuan
- silk
- Silk Road
- Soprano
- string instrument
- Taiwan
- Tang Dynasty
- Tenor
- Three Kingdoms
- Wang Zhaojun
- yueqin
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Sizes
The ruan comes in a family of five sizes:
The ruan is now most commonly used in Chinese opera and the Chinese orchestra, where it belongs to the plucked string (弹拨乐 or chordophone) section.
Playing techniques and usage
The instrument can be played using a plectrum similar to a guitar pick (formerly made of animal horn, but today often plastic), or using a set of two or five acrylic nails that are affixed to the fingers with adhesive tape. Mainstream ruan players use plectrums, though there are some schools which teach the fingernail technique, similar to that of the pipa. Pipa players who play ruan as a second instrument also often use their fingernails. Plectrums produce a louder and more clear tone, while fingernails allow the performance of polyphonic solo music. The instrument produces a mellow tone.In Chinese orchestras, only the zhongruan and daruan are commonly used, to fill in the tenor and bass section of the plucked string section. Occasionally the gaoyinruan is used to substitute the high-pitched liuqin.
Daruan soloists generally use the D-A-D-A tuning, as it allows for the easy performance of diatonic chords. Some orchestral players tune to C-G-D-A, which is exactly the same as cello tuning. The advantage of using C-G-D-A in orchestras is so that the daruan can easily double the cello part.
A ruan ensemble (重奏) consists of two or more members of the ruan family, for instance, an ensemble of the xiaoruan, zhongruan and daruan. The wide range covered by the ruan, its easily blended tone quality, and the variety of soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and contrabass instruments all make ruan ensembles very effective in playing polyphonic music.
The History of Ruan
With a history of over 2,000 years, the ruan has gone by several names: the qin pipa (秦琵琶), ruanxian (阮咸) and ruan (阮). According to the Pipa Annals 《琵琶赋》 by Bo Xuan (博玄) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ruan was designed after revision of other Chinese plucked string instruments of the day, including the Chinese zither, zheng (筝), zhu, (筑) and konghou (箜篌), or Chinese harp.In ancient China before the Tang Dynasty (唐朝), the ruan was called Qin pipa (Qin Dynasty, 221 BC - 206 BC pipa, 秦琵琶). What distinguished Qin pipa from the pipa (琵琶, another plucked string instrument) was that the Qin pipa had a long, straight neck with a round sound box while the pipa was pear-shaped. The name of "pipa" is synonymous to "tantiao" (彈挑), the right hand techniques of playing a plucked string instrument. "Pi" (琵), which means "tan" (彈), is the downward movement of plucking the string. "Pa" (琶), which means "tiao" (挑), is the upward movement of plucking the string. As this right hand technique was used for playing the ruan, the ruan was also called "pipa".
The present name of the Qin pipa, which is "ruan", was not given until the Tang Dynasty (8th century). Between the Empress Wu Zetian (武則天) period (about 684-704 AD), a copper instrument that looked like the Qin pipa was discovered in an ancient tomb in Sichuan (四川). It had 13 frets and a round sound box. It was believed that it was the instrument which the Eastern Jin (東晉) musician Ruan Xian (阮咸) loved to play. Ruan Xian was a scholar in the Three Kingdoms Eastern Jin (三國東晉) Dynasty period (3rd century). He and other six scholars disliked the corruption government, so they gathered in a bamboo grove in Shanyang (山陽, now in Henan [河南] province). They drank, wrote poems, played music and enjoyed the simply life. The group was known as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (竹林七賢). Since Ruan Xian was an expert and famous in playing an instrument that looked like the Qin pipa, the instrument was named after him when the copper Qin pipa was found in a tomb during the Tang Dynasty. The ruan was used to be called ruanxian (阮咸), but today it is shortened to ruan (阮).
Also during the Tang Dynasty, a ruanxian was brought to Japan from China. Now this ruanxian is still stored in Shosoin of the Nara National Museum in Japan. The ruanxian was made of red sandalwood and decorated with mother of pearl inlay. The ancient ruanxian shows that the look of today's ruan has not changed much since the 8th century. However, the Tang ruanxian was much more beautifully made when compared to today's ruan.
Nowadays, although the ruan was never as popular as the pipa, the ruan has been divided into several smaller and better-known instruments within the recent few centuries, such as yueqin (“moon” lute, 月琴) and qinqin (Qin [Dynasty] lute, 秦琴) . The short-necked yueqin, with no sound holes, is now used primarily in Beijing opera accompaniment. The long-necked qinqin is a member of both Cantonese (廣東) and Chaozhou (潮州) ensembles.
The famed Tang poet Bai Juyi (白居易) once penned a poem about the ruan, entitled 和令狐撲射小欽聽阮咸:
:掩抑复凄清,非琴不是筝。还弹乐府曲,别占阮家名。古调何人知,初闻满座惊。
Interesting Facts about the Ruan and Pipa
A small pipa was found in murals of tombs in Liaoning (遼寧) province in northeastern China. The date of these tombs is about late Eastern Han (東漢) or Wei (魏) period (220-265 AD). However, the pear-shaped pipa was not brought to China from Dunhuang (敦煌, now in northwestern China) until the Northern Wei period (386-524 AD) when ancient China traded with the western countries through the Silk Road (絲綢之路). Evidence was shown on the Dunhuang Caves frescoes that the frescoes contain a large number of pipa, and they date to 4th to 5th century.During the Han period (206 BC-220 AD), Lady Wang Zhaojun (王昭君, known as one of the Four Beauties [四大美人] in ancient China) departed mainland to the west and married the Grand Khan of the Huns. The marriage was meant to maintain peace between the two ancient countries. On her way to the west, she carried a pipa on the horse. Looking back today, her pipa must have been a ruan-type instrument with a round sound box, since the pear-shaped pipa was not brought to China until the Northern Wei Dynasty after the Han Dynasty. However, in almost all the portraits and dramas, Lady Zhaojun's pipa is displayed inaccurately. The pipa is usually shown with a pear-shaped sound box (as in today's pipa), rather than a round sound box.
Note that the frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers never touch the actual body—distinctively different from western fretted instruments. This allows for a greater control over timbre and intonation than their western counterparts, but makes chordal playing more difficult.
Laruan (bowed ruan)
In addition to the plucked ruan instruments mentioned above, there also exist a family of bowed string instruments called lāruǎn and dalaruan (literally "bowed ruan" and "large bowed ruan"). Both are bowed bass register instruments designed as alternatives to the gehu and diyingehu in large orchestras of Chinese traditional instruments. These instruments correspond to the cello and double bass in range. Chinese orchestras currently using the laruan and dalaruan include the China National Traditional Orchestra and Central Broadcasting National Orchestra, the latter formerly conducted by the late maestro Peng Xiuwen (彭修文).
Ruan repertoire
A famous work in the zhongruan repertoire is the zhongruan concerto "Reminiscences of Yunnan" 《云南回忆》 by Liu Xing (刘星, b. China, 1962), the first full-scale concerto for the zhongruan and the Chinese orchestra. This work finally established the zhongruan as an instrument capable of playing solo with the Chinese orchestra.Some works for the ruan:
Some of Lin Jiliang's compositions for the ruan:
Some of Liu Xing's compositions for the ruan:
Some of Ning Yong's compositions for the ruan:
==Notable players/composer of the ruan==
Ruan makers
Beijing
Shanghai
Suzhou
References
External links
More information
Listening
See also
Category:Chinese musical instruments Category:Necked lutes
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