- published: 02 Nov 2013
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The Directory (French: Directoire exécutif) was a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate. The period of this regime (2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) era, constitutes the second to last stage of the French Revolution.
The Directory era itself is further split into two eras, the First Directory and the Second Directory, divided by the Coup of 18 Fructidor. Directoire style is the refers to the Neoclassical styles in the decorative arts and fashion that characterize the period.
The directory system of government was also used in several French client republics and modern Switzerland; see directorial system.
Under the French Constitution of 1795, qualified property holders elected 750 legislators, who divided themselves into the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. This bicameral legislature had a term of three years, with one-third of the members renewed every year. The Ancients held a suspensory veto, but possessed no initiative in legislation.
Brian French is the Production Manager for Smokey Robinson and co-produced Robinson's albums Timeless Love, Time Flies When You're Having Fun and Now And Then. French is the President of Tempo Entertainment, a company the specializes in Live Music Production, Video Production, Film and Choreography [1]. He is also a partner in the television production company Cevallos Brothers Productions [2], where he is in charge of the music division and most recently directed Justin Timberlake and Friends Live at the Avalon Ballroom and DW Drums "Superstars Of Hip Hop) DVD and created the online video show DW Artist Access starring Linda Cevallos. He was the Senior Manager of Production for the House of Blues Corporation from 2000 to 2002. French started as a drum tech for tours of various bands and artists and soon moved into Stage, Production and Tour Management. He currently resides in Los Angeles CA with his wife Linda Cevallos-French.
The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) (the latter is date 10 Thermidor, year II of the French Revolutionary Calendar), also known simply as The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), and another 25,000 in summary executions across France.
The guillotine (called the "National Razor") became the symbol of the revolutionary cause, strengthened by a string of executions: Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI, the Girondins, Philippe Égalité (Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans) and Madame Roland, as well as many others, such as pioneering chemist Antoine Lavoisier, lost their lives under its blade. During 1794, revolutionary France was beset with conspiracies by internal and foreign enemies. Within France, the revolution was opposed by the French nobility, which had lost its inherited privileges. The Roman Catholic Church was generally against the Revolution, which had turned the clergy into employees of the state and required they take an oath of loyalty to the nation (through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy). In addition, the First French Republic was engaged in a series of wars with neighboring powers intent on crushing the revolution to prevent its spread.