Thomas de Quincey - The Avenger [3 of 4]
Thomas Penson De Quincey (
August 15, 1785 –
December 8, 1859) was an
English essayist, best known for his
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821). Many scholars suggest that in publishing this work
De Quincey inaugurated the tradition of addiction literature in the
West. De Quincey was born at 86
Cross Street,
Manchester,
Lancashire, England,
Great Britain. His father was a successful merchant with an interest in literature who died when he was quite young.
Soon after his birth the family went to
The Farm and then later to Greenheys, a larger country house in Chorlton-on-Medlock near Manchester. In 1796, three years after the death of his father,
Thomas Quincey, his mother – the erstwhile
Elizabeth Penson – took the name De Quincey
. In the same year, De Quincey's mother moved to
Bath, Somerset, and enrolled him at
King Edward's School.
De Quincey was a weak and sickly child. His youth was spent in solitude, and when his elder brother,
William, came home, he wreaked havoc in the quiet surroundings. De Quincey's mother (who counted
Hannah More amongst her friends) was a woman of strong character and intelligence, but seems to have inspired more awe than affection in her children. She brought them up very strictly, taking De Quincey out of school after three years because she was afraid he would become big-headed, and sending him to an inferior school at Wingfield in Wiltshire. It is purported that at this time, in 1799, De Quincey first read
Lyrical Ballads by
Wordsworth and
Coleridge.
In 1800, De Quincey, aged fifteen, was ready for the
University of Oxford; his scholarship was far in advance of his years. "That boy," his master at
Bath had said, could harangue an Athenian mob better than you or I could address an English one. He was sent to
Manchester Grammar School, in order that after three years' stay he might obtain a scholarship to
Brasenose College, Oxford, but he took flight after nineteen months. His first plan had been to reach
William Wordsworth, whose Lyrical Ballads (1798) had consoled him in fits of depression and had awakened in him a deep reverence for the poet. But for that De Quincey was too timid, so he made his way to
Chester, where his mother dwelt, in the hope of seeing a sister; he was caught by the older members of the family, but, through the efforts of his uncle,
Colonel Penson, received the promise of a guinea (£1.05) a week to carry out his later project of a solitary tramp through
Wales. From July to November 1802, De Quincey lived as a wayfarer. He soon lost his guinea by ceasing to keep his family informed of his whereabouts, and had difficulty making ends meet. Still apparently fearing pursuit, he borrowed some money and travelled to
London, where he tried to borrow more.
Having failed, he lived close to starvation rather than return to his family. n 1821 he went to London to dispose of some translations from
German authors, but was persuaded first to write and publish an account of his opium experiences, which that year appeared in the
London Magazine. This new sensation eclipsed
Lamb's
Essays of Elia, which were then appearing in the same periodical.
The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater were soon published in book form. De Quincey then made literary acquaintances.
Thomas Hood found the shrinking author "at home in a German ocean of literature, in a storm, flooding all the floor, the tables and the chairs – billows of books …" De Quincey was famous for his conversation;
Richard Woodhouse wrote of the "depth and reality, as I may so call it, of his knowledge His conversation appeared like the elaboration of a mine of results. From this time on De Quincey maintained himself by contributing to various magazines. He soon exchanged London and the
Lakes for
Edinburgh, the nearby village of
Polton, and
Glasgow; he spent the remainder of his life in
Scotland.
Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine and its rival
Tait's Magazine received a large number of contributions.
Suspiria de Profundis (1845) appeared in
Blackwood's, as did
The English Mail-Coach (1849).
Joan of Arc (1847) was published in
Tait's. Between 1835 and 1849, Tait's published a series of De Quincey's reminiscences of Wordsworth, Coleridge,
Robert Southey and other figures among the
Lake Poets – a series that taken together constitutes one of his most important works.
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