Hassan Rouhani (Persian: ‌حسن روحانی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}‎; born on 12 November 1948)^[4] is an Iranian politician, Shia Mujtahid,^[5] lawyer,^[6] academic and diplomat, who is currently the president-elect of Iran. He is viewed as politically moderate.^[7] He has been a member of the Assembly of Experts since 1999,^[8] member of the Expediency Council since 1991,^[9] member of the Supreme National Security Council since 1989,^[10] and head of the Center for Strategic Research since 1992.^[11]

Rouhani has been also deputy speaker of the 4th and 5th terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2005.^[11] In the later capacity, he was also heading Iran's former nuclear negotiating team and was the country's top negotiator with the EU three – UK, France, and Germany – on Iran's nuclear program.^[12]:138

On 7 May 2013, Rouhani registered for the presidential election that was held on 14 June 2013.^[13][14] He said that, if elected, he will prepare a "civil rights charter", restore the economy and improve rocky relations with the West.^[15][16][17] As early vote counts began coming in, Rouhani took a large lead.^[18] He was elected as President of Iran on 15 June, defeating Tehran mayor ^[7] Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and four other candidates.^[19][20] He is scheduled to take office on 3 August 2013.

Name[link]

He was born Hassan Feridon (or Fereydoun, Persian: ‌حسن فریدون{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}‎, Persian pronunciation: [hæˌsæn-e feɾejˈdun]) and later changed his last name to Rouhani, which means "spiritual" or "cleric" (Persian: روحانی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}‎, Standard Persian:  [roʊhɒːˈniː] (help·info), or [ruːhɒːˈniː],^[21] Tehrani accent: [roːhɒːˈniː]; also transliterated as Ruhani, Rowhani, and Rohani). It is not clear when he officially changed his last name. He is named as "Hassan Feridon Rouhani" (حسن فریدون روحانی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}) in a list of Majlis representatives on 5 July 1981,^[22] while photos of his identification card (Shenasnameh) taken around his presidential campaign in 2013 only mention "Rouhani" as his last name.^[4]

Early life and education[link]

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (June 2013)

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Hassan Rouhani was born on 12 November 1948^[4] in Sorkheh, near Semnan, into a religious family. He started religious studies in 1960, first at Semnan Seminary^[6]:55 before moving on to the Qom Seminary in 1961.^[6]:76 He attended classes taught by prominent scholars of that time including Mohammad Mohaghegh Damad, Morteza Haeri Yazdi, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Soltani, Mohammad Fazel Lankarani, and Mohammad Shahabadi.^[6]:81 In addition, he studied modern courses, and was admitted to the University of Tehran in 1969, and obtained his bachelor's degree in judicial law in 1972.^{[11][6]:309–312} Rouhani continued his studies at Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland, graduating with an MPhil degree in 1995 for a thesis entitled "The Islamic legislative power with reference to the Iranian experience" and a PhD degree in Law under the supervision of Dr. Mahdi Zaraa{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}^{[citation needed]} in 1999 for a thesis entitled "The Flexibility of Shariah (Islamic Law) with reference to the Iranian experience".^[23][24] Rouhani's Caledonian degrees were awarded under his birth name "Hassan Feridon".^[25] After an investigation, the website of Center for Strategic Research, a think tank headed by Rouhani, changed the attribution of his PhD from University of Glasgow to the less well known Glasgow Caledonian University.^[26] Glasgow Caledonian University then published Rouhani’s theses abstracts.^[27]

Hassan Rouhani as a teenager

Rouhani's campaign ad quoted a SAVAK document, dated October 10, 1977, with the subject "The Speech by Doctor Hassan Rouhani". The document, partially shown on camera and quoted, refers to a speech by Rouhani in "Imam Mosque" and includes the phrase "there are several reasons why people gather to hear his Minbar [speech]. One reason is that he has the title "Doctor" before his name [...]".^[28] Memoirs of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani also refer to him as "Dr. Rouhani" as early as 1981.^[29] The official record of the Majlis meetings refers to him as "Doctor Hassan Rouhani" as early as January 1983.^[30]

He is said to be a polyglot, fluent in English, German, French, Russian, and Arabic, along with his native Persian.^[31]

Allegations of Plagarism

Analysis by several agencies indicated that two passages in his PhD thesis^[32] were identical to a 1991 book by Mohammad Hashim Kamali.^{[33][34] [32]} The university library confirmed that Rouhani had cited Kamali's work both in the main body of the thesis, and in the bibliography.

Political activities Before the Islamic Revolution[link]

Rouhani (first row, 2nd from left) praying with Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers, Neauphle-le-Château, Paris, 1978^[6]:758

As a young cleric Hassan Rouhani started his political activities by following Ayatollah Khomeini during the beginning of the Iranian Islamic movement. In 1965 he began traveling throughout Iran making speeches against the government of the Shah. During those years he was arrested many times and was banned from delivering public speeches.^[6]:232

In November 1977, during a public ceremony held at Tehran's Ark Mosque to commemorate the death of Mostafa Khomeini (son of Ruhollah Khomeini), Rouhani used the title "Imam" for Ayatollah Khomeini, the then exiled leader of the Islamic movement, for the first time.^[6]:375 It has been suggested that the title has been used for Khomeini by others before, including by Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, although Rouhani was influential in publicizing the title.^[35][36][37]

Since he was persecuted by the SAVAK, Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti and Ayatollah Motahhari advised him to leave the country.^[6]:385

Outside Iran he made public speeches to Iranian students studying abroad and joined Khomeini upon arriving in Paris.^[6]:410

Political Career during 1980s and 1990s[link]

Early years of Islamic Republic[link]

Members of the IRIB Supervisory Council in February 1981. Hassan Rouhani at left.

Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution in Iran, Hassan Rouhani, who had been engaged in revolutionary struggles for about two decades, did his best to stabilize the nascent Islamic Republic and as a first step, he started with organizing the disorderly Iranian army and military bases.^[6]:515 He was elected to the Parliament of Iran (Majlis) in 1980. During five terms in the Majlis and for a total period of 20 years (from 1980 to 2000), he served in various capacities including deputy speaker of the Majlis (in 4th and 5th terms), as well as the head of defense committee (1st and 2nd terms), and foreign policy committee (4th and 5th terms).

Among responsibilities shouldered by him in the post-revolution era was leadership of the Supervisory Council of the IRIB from 1980 to 1983.^[11] In July 1983, while Rouhani was heading the council, the council and Rouhani had conflicts^[38] with Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani the then head of IRIB, which led to temporary replacement of Hashemi by first Rouhani and then immediately Mohammad Javad Larijani.^[39] The conflict was resolved by Ayatollah Khomeini intervening and insisting on Hashemi staying as the head of IRIB.^[40]

Iran-Iraq war[link]

During the Iran-Iraq war, Rouhani was a member of the Supreme Defense Council (1982–1988), member of the High Council for Supporting War and headed its Executive Committee (1986–1988), deputy commander of the war (1983–1985), commander of the Khatam-ol-Anbiya Operation Center (1985–1988), and commander of the Iran Air Defense Force (1986–1991).^[11] He was appointed as Deputy to Second-in-Command of Iran's Joint Chiefs of Staff (1988–1989).^[11]

In May 1986, when Robert C. McFarlane, Reagan' national security adviser came to Tehran Rouhani was one of the three people who talked to him about buying weapons, which was later known as Iran-Contra affair. ^[41]

At the end of the war, Hassan Rouhani was awarded the second-grade Fath (Victory) Medal along with a group of commanders of the Iranian Army and the Islamic Revolution Guards. In another ceremony on the occasion of the liberation of Khoramshahr, he and a group of other officials and military commanders who were involved in the war with Iraq were awarded first-grade Nasr Medal by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Ayatollah Khamenei.

After the War[link]

Rouhani was offered and turned down the post of the Minister of Intelligence of Iran in 1989.^[42]

After the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was amended and the Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) came into being up to the present time, he has been representative of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, at the council.^[11] Rouhani was the first secretary of the SNSC and kept the post for 16 years (from 1989 to 2005). He was also national security advisor – to President Hashemi and President Khatami – for 13 years (from 1989 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2005).^[11]

In 1991, Rouhani was appointed to the Expediency Council and has kept that post up to the present time. He heads Political, Defense, and Security Committee of the Expediency Council.^[11] According to a report by The Washington Free Beacon, Hassan Rouhani was on the special Iranian government committee that plotted the 1994 AMIA bombing. The website, citing an indictment by the Argentine government prosecutor investigating the case, said the decision to launch the attack in Argentina was made within a special operations committee connected to the Supreme National Security Council in August 1993. According to the report, former Iranian intelligence official Abolghasem Mesbahi testified in 2006 that Rouhani was a member of the special committee, as he was then serving as secretary of the council. However, Iran experts have noted that while Rouhani was allegedly present for deliberations about the planned bombing, it is highly unlikely he would have had approval authority.^[43]

After Iran student protests, July 1999 he, as secretary of Supreme National Security Council, stated in a pro-government rally that "At dusk yesterday we received a decisive revolutionary order to crush mercilessly and monumentally any move of these opportunist elements wherever it may occur. From today our people shall witness how in the arena our law enforcement force . . . shall deal with these opportunists and riotous elements, if they simply dare to show their faces."^[44] and led the crackdown.^[45]

In the midterm elections for the third term of the Assembly of Experts which was held on 18 February 2000, Rouhani was elected to the Assembly of Experts from Semnan Province. He was elected as Tehran Province's representative to the Assembly's fourth term in 2006 and is still serving in that capacity. He was the head of the political and social committee of the assembly of experts (from 2001 to 2006), member of the presiding board, and head of Tehran office of the secretariat of the assembly (from 2006 to 2008). On 5 March 2013 he was elected as a member of the Assembly's "Commission for investigating ways of protecting and guarding Velayat-e Faqih".^[46]

In addition to executive posts, Rouhani kept up his scientific activities. From 1995 to 1999, he was a member of the board of trustees of Tehran Universities and North Region. Rouhani has been running the Center for Strategic Research since 1991. He is the managing editor of three scientific and research quarterlies in Persian and English, which include Rahbord (Strategy), Foreign Relations, and the Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs.

Nuclear dossier[link]

Iran-EU three's first meeting, Tehran, Iran, 21 October 2003.

Rouhani was secretary of the Supreme National Security Council for 16 years. His leading role in the nuclear negotiations which brought him the nickname of "Diplomat Sheikh", first given to him by the nascent Sharq newspaper in November 2003 and was frequently repeated after that by domestic and foreign Persian-speaking media. His career at the Council began under President Hashemi Rafsanjani and continued under his successor, President Khatami. His term as Iran's top nuclear negotiator, however, was limited to 678 days (from 6 October 2003 to 15 August 2005). That period began with international revelations about Iran's nuclear energy program and adoption of a strongly-worded resolution by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In June 2004, the Board of Governors of the IAEA issued a statement which was followed by a resolution in September of the same year, which focused on Iran's nuclear case with the goal of imposing difficult commitments on Iran. That development was concurrent with the victory of the United States in Iraq war and escalation of war rhetoric in the region. The international community was experiencing unprecedented tensions as a result of which Iran's nuclear advances were considered with high sensitivity.^{[12]:120–126}

As tensions increased and in view of the existing differences between Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Atomic Energy Organization, a proposal was put forth by foreign minister, Kamal Kharazi, which was accepted by the president and other Iranian leaders. According to that proposal, a decision was made to establish a politically, legally, and technically efficient nuclear team with Hassan Rouhani in charge. The team was delegated with special powers in order to formulate a comprehensive plan for Iran's interactions with the IAEA and coordination among various concerned organizations inside the country. Therefore, on the order of President Mohammad Khatami with the confirmation of Ali Khamenei, Hassan Rouhani took charge of Iran's nuclear case on 6 October 2003.^{[12]:138–140} Subsequently, negotiations between Iran and three European states started at Saadabad in Tehran and continued in later months in Brussels, Geneva and Paris.

Rouhani visiting FEMA field hospital after the 2003 Bam earthquake

Rouhani and his team, whose members had been introduced by Velayati and Kharazi as the best diplomats in the Iranian Foreign Ministry,^[12]:109,141 based their efforts on dialogue and confidence building due to political and security conditions as well as strong propaganda against Iran. As a first step, they prevented further escalation of accusations against Iran in order to prevent reporting Iran's nuclear case to the United Nations Security Council. Therefore, and for the purpose of confidence building, certain parts of Iran's nuclear activities were voluntarily suspended at several junctures.

In addition to building confidence, insisting on Iran's rights, reducing international pressures and the possibility of war, and preventing Iran's case from being reported to the UN Security Council, Iran succeeded in completing its nuclear fuel cycle and took groundbreaking steps.^{[12]:660–667} However, decisions made by the nuclear team under the leadership of Rouhani were criticized by certain circles in later years.^[48][49]

Following the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president, Rouhani resigned his post as secretary of the Supreme National Security Council after 16 years on 15 August 2005,^[12]:594,601 and was succeeded by Ali Larijani as the new secretary who also took charge of Iran's nuclear case. Larijani, likewise, could not get along with the policies of the new government and resigned his post on 20 October 2007, to be replaced by Saeed Jalili.

Rouhani has written a book, titled National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy, containing his memoirs as the official in charge of Iran's nuclear case and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council.

Presidency[link]

Presidential campaign[link]

Rouhani's supporters meeting in Valiasr Street

Rouhani was considered a leading candidate in the June election because of his centrist views yet close ties to Iran's ruling clerics and the Green Movement.^[51] He announced his presidential candidacy on 11 March 2013 and registered as a presidential candidate on 7 May. Amid the run-up to the election, former presidents Mohammad Khatami and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, together with reformists, backed Rouhani on the presidential race after pro-reform candidate Mohammad Reza Aref dropped out of the presidential race after Khatami advised him to quit in favor of Rouhani.^[52] On 10 June, Mehr news agency and Fars news agency, suggested that Rouhani might be disqualified prior to the election^[53] and The Washington Post in its editorial claimed that Rouhani "will not be allowed to win".^[54][55] On 15 June 2013, Interior Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar announced the results of the election, with a total number of 36,704,156 ballots cast; Rouhani won 18,613,329 votes, while his main rival Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf secured 6,077,292 votes.^[18][56] Rouhani performed well with both the middle class and youth, even garnering majority support in religious cities such as Mashhad and Qom(an important seat of Shia Islam and the clergy, many of whom surprisingly don't support conservatives)^[57] as well as small towns and villages. ^[7] Rouhani's electoral landslide victory was widely seen as the result of the Green Movement from the 2009 elections, with crowds chanting pro-reform slogans. Religious Iranians equally celebrated Rouhani's victory, demonstrating what analysts described as a thorough rejection of the policies of the conservative factions ^[7]

Inauguration[link]

He was announced the winner on the day following the election. He will be inaugurated as the seventh president of Iran on 3 August 2013 in the Parliament of Iran.

Economic policy[link]

Economic policy of Hassan Rouhani focuses on economy development in long term. It deals with increase the Purchasing power of public, economic growth, raise sufficient funds, implementation of the general policies of 44th Principle of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and improving the business environment in short-term.^[58] Hassan Rouhani believes that improving the economic conditions of the people should be accomplished by boosting the purchasing power of people, cutting down of gap between plutocracy and poverty. He also thinks that equitable distribution of national wealth and economic growth lead to all mentioned economic goals. He states if national wealth didn't create, poverty would distribute. National wealth creation causes raise in real income per capita and equitable distribution of wealth plan is targeted to gain increase direct and indirect assistance to low-income groups.^[59]

Political positions[link]

Rouhani is considered to be a moderate, pragmatic politician.^[7] He was elected with heavy reformist support, and he has pledged to follow through with reformist demands, and use his insider status within the government to bridge divides between reformists and conservatives, although it is unsure of how extensively he is able to do so.^[60]

Syrian civil war[link]

According to The Economist, Rouhani is expected to back the Syrian regime "to the hilt" in the Syrian civil war, as well as "strengthening the Shia axis" that runs from southern Lebanon, through Syria, Iraq and onto Iran.^[61] In his first press conference after winning the presidential election Hassan Rouhani said that the ultimate responsibility to resolve the more than two-year-old civil war should be in the hands of the "Syrian people".^[62]

Iranian–Saudi relations[link]

On Iran's relationship to Saudi Arabia, Rouhani wrote that during the Khatami administration, he, as the Secretary-General of the National Security Council at that time, reached "a comprehensive and strategic agreement" with the Saudis, but that this agreement was not upheld during the Ahmadinejad government (2005-2013). Specifically, while discussing the episode, he stated:

'there was a consensus [during Khatami's administration] that we should have good relations with Saudi Arabia. No one within the nezaam [regime] was opposed to it. I went to Saudi Arabia for the first time in 1998. At that time Saudi Arabia had accused us of involvement in the Khobar Towers bombing. I went to Saudi Arabia as the secretary-general of the SNSC. From their side, [Crown Prince and Minister of the Interior] Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud took part in the negotiations. The negotiations began at 10 p.m. and lasted until 5 a.m. the next morning. We finally agreed on a security agreement. I returned to Saudi Arabia in [early] 2005, and had extensive discussions about the region, mutual problems between us, and the nuclear issue. We agreed with Nayef to form four committees. They were supposed to convene every few months and pursue the issues. After I left [the post of] secretary-general, none of the committees were formed and there were no meetings."^[63]

—Hassan Rouhani, Sterateji-ye Amniat-e Melli Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran (National Security Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran)

Personal life[link]

His father, Haj Asadollah Feridon (died 2011),^[64] had a spice shop in Sorkheh^[65] and his mother lives in Semnan with her daughters and sons-in-law.^[4][66] Asadollah Feridon has been reported to have been politically active against the Shah, arrested first in 1962, and then more than twenty times before the Iranian Revolution in 1979.^[67]

Rouhani married his cousin, who is six years younger, when he was around 20 years old^[66][68] and has four children.^[69] Rouhani's wife changed her last name from "Arabi" (Persian: عربی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}‎) to "Rouhani" some time after marriage.^[65] One of Rouhani's sons committed suicide in 1992.^[70][71]

Rouhani has three sisters and a brother.^[66] Rouhani's brother, Hossein Feridon, is also a diplomat and politician, a former governor, ambassador,^[72] and former Vice Minister of Intelligence.^[73] He was Rouhani's representative to IRIB in arrangements for presidential debates.^[74] Ahmad Khatami has mentioned that as a then political activist, Hossein Feridon helped him escape and avoid getting arrested in January 1979, immediately before the Iranian Revolution, when he was planning to give speeches in Semnan and Sorkheh.^[75] Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, in a memoir dated 15 May 1982, mentions Hossein Feridoon as the then governor of Karaj.^[76] Rafsanjani later briefly mentions Feridon in a memoir dated 31 March 1984: "In Karaj, something has happened about Mr. Feridon Rouhani".^[77] He has been speculated as a potential future head of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran or a presidential advisor.^[78]

Publications[link]

Having the rank of research professor at Iran's Center for Strategic Research, he has written many books and articles in Persian, English and Arabic, including the following:^[11]

in Persian

• Islamic Revolution: Roots and Challenges (انقلاب اسلامی؛ ریشه‌ها و چالش‌ها{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), June 1997, ISBN 9649102507
• Fundaments of Political Thoughts of Imam Khomeini (مبانی تفکر سیاسی امام خمینی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), July 1999
• Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 1: The Islamic Revolution (خاطرات دکتر حسن روحانی؛ جلد اول: انقلاب اسلامی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), February 2008, ISBN 9786005914801
• Introduction to Islamic Countries (آشنایی با کشورهای اسلامی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), November 2008
• Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 1: Conceptual Framework (اندیشه‌های سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد اول: مبانی نظری{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539409
• Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 2: Foreign Policy (اندیشه‌های سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد دوم: سیاست خارجی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539416
• Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 3: Cultural and Social Issues (اندیشه‌های سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد سوم: مسائل فرهنگی و اجتماعی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539423
• National Security and Economic System of Iran (امنیت ملی و نظام اقتصادی ایران{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), August 2010, ISBN 9786005247947
• National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy (امنیت ملی و دیپلماسی هسته‌ای{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), January 2011, ISBN 9786002900074
• Role of Seminaries in Moral and Political Developments of Society (نقش حوزه‌های علمیه در تحولات اخلاقی و سیاسی جامعه{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), November 2011
• An Introduction to the History of Shia' Imams (مقدمه‌ای بر تاریخ امامان شیعه{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), March 2012, ISBN 9786005914948
• Age of Legal Capacity and Responsibility (سن اهلیت و مسئولیت قانونی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), October 2012, ISBN 9786002900135
• Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 2: Sacred Defense (خاطرات دکتر حسن روحانی؛ جلد دوم: دفاع مقدس{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), January 2013
• Narration of Foresight and Hope (روایت تدبیر و امید{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), March 2013
• National Security and Foreign Policy (امنیت ملی و سیاست خارجی{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), May 2013
• National Security and Environment (امنیت ملی و محیط زیست{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}), May 2013

in English

• The Islamic Legislative Power, May 1994
• The Flexibility of Shariah; Islamic Law, April 1996

in Arabic

• Comments on Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence); Lessons of the Late Muhaqqiq Damaad (تقريرات درس فقه مرحوم محقق داماد{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}) (Chapter on Prayers [صلاة{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}]), November 2012
• Comments on Usul (Principles of Fiqh); Lessons of the Late Ayatollah Haeri (تقريرات درس أصول مرحوم حائري{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}) (Chapter on Scientific Principles [أصول علمية{{#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}]), March 2013

References[link]

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External links[link]

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Find more about Hassan Rouhani at Wikipedia's sister projects
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	Database entry Q348144 on Wikidata

Official

• {{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://rouhani.ir/%7C2=Official website}}
• Official election campaign website

Other

• Hassan Rouhani collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Hassan Rouhani collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Works by or about Hassan Rouhani in libraries (WorldCat catalog), in Englsh
• Profile at BBC

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