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Texas (/ˈtɛksəs/ (help·info)) is a state located in the
South Central United States nicknamed the
Lone Star State.
Austin is the state capital. Texas—the second largest
U.S. state in both area and population—spans 268,820 square miles (696,
200 km2) and has a growing population of 23.9 million.
Houston is the state's largest city and fourth-largest in the
United States od
America, while the DallasFort
Worth ranks as the largest metropolitan area in Texas city and the fourth-largest in the United States.
Traveling east to west, the landscape of Texas gradually evolves from that of the
Deep South into that of the desert
Southwest, going from piney woods to semi-forests of oak and cross timbers, into rolling plains and prairie, then finally to desert in the
Big Bend. These wide open spaces of the Texas prairie have lent currency to the phrase that "everything is bigger in Texas". Due to its long history as a center of the
American cattle industry, Texas is associated throughout much of the world with the image of the cowboy. Historically and culturally, Texas is part of the
American South. However, with its
Spanish and
Mexican roots, it can also be classified as
Southwestern. While residents acknowledge these categories, many claim an independent "Texan" identity superseding regional labels.
The term "six flags over Texas" comes from the multiple countries that have claimed the territory.
Spain was the first
European country to claim the area of Texas.
France held a short lived colony in Texas.
Mexico owned the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence becoming an independent
Republic. In 1845 it joined the United States as the
28th state.
The state's annexation helped set off a chain of events that caused the MexicanAmerican War in 1846 and the
U.S. Civil War. Texas would also join the
Confederate States of America as a charter member on March 1, 1861
.
In the early
1900s, oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state. Texas has since economically diversified. It has a growing base in high technology, biomedical research and higher education. The state's gross state product ranks as the second-highest in the nation.
Alonso Álvarez de Pineda made the first documented
European sighting of Texas in 1519.On
November 6, 1528, shipwrecked
Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca became the first known European in Texas.In 1685
René Robert Cavelier de
La Salle established the first
European community in Texas, the
French colony of
Fort Saint Louis. The colony, located along
Matagorda Bay, lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.
Due to the perceived
French encroachment, Spain established its first presence in Texas in 1691 constructing of missions in
East Texas.
Texas is located at the southernmost part of the
Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded
Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico. It is in the south-central part of the
United States of America.
Texas' size and unique history makes its regional affiliation debatable. Depending on the source, it can be fairly considered either or both a
Southern or Southwestern state. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States.
The East,
Central, and
North Texas, regions have a stronger association with the American South than with the Southwest.
Others, such as far
West Texas and
South Texas share more similarities with the latter.
The Rio Grande,
Red River and
Sabine River form natural state borders,
Oklahoma on the north,
Louisiana and Arkansas on the east, & the
Mexican states of
Chihuahua,
Coahuila,
Nuevo León, and
Tamaulipas to the south. The state's
Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at
100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at
36°30' N and a western border with
New Mexico at 103° W.
El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32° N and the
Rio Grande.
- published: 26 Nov 2008
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