Apicomplexa

Phylum Apicomplexa – Chapters 8 & 9

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• published: 19 May 2016
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Don't hesitate to comment below if you have any questions or additional phrases Phylum Apicomplexa – Chapters 8 & 9 Phylum Apicomplexa consists of 4 groups of protozoan parasites: 1. 2. 3. 4. We will examine the first 3 groups, as they contain many parasites of medical and veterinary importance. We will omit the gregarines as they are parasites of invertebrates and are not important. ,Characteristics of the Phylum Apicomplexa 1. ______________________________________________________________ 2. Possess _______________________________________________________ - these organelles are concentrated at _______________________________ - function? ____________________________________ - see diagram in text p. 124 3. _______________________________________ 4. _______________________________________ - alternation of _____________________________ - hosts? ,Plasmodium and Malaria – Chapter 9 Malaria is one of the most important diseases of mankind. It has played an important part in the rise and fall of nations and has killed untold millions of persons. Today, __________________________are infected with malaria 1.5 billion people (2/3 of the world's population) live in endemic areas and are potential hosts. Malaria kills _____________________ people each year. ,Plasmodium and Malaria – Chapter 9 In areas of Africa with high malaria transmission, an estimated ________________people die of malaria each year – over 2700 deaths per day or 1 death every 30 seconds. Uganda – 12 million infections/population 31 million Tanzania – 11 million infections/population 40 million Ethiopia – 9 million infections/population 78 million ,Species of Plasmodium The genus Plasmodium contains 127 species in lizards, birds, and mammals. life cycle worked out in a bird species (Plasmodium relictum) rodent species (P. berghei) important in research (we will do an experimental infection of this parasite in lab) several species in monkeys and apes are similar to human species - important in drug studies four species infect humans – they are: P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale ,Species of Plasmodium VECTOR – ____________________________________________ several species can serve as vectors ___________________feed on blood and vector malaria RESERVOIR HOSTS – __________________________________ SURVIVAL OF MALARIA is dependent upon: 1. Many infected humans 2. Many Anopheles mosquitoes 3. Good contact between these 2 hosts ,Life Cycle of Plasmodium The life cycle is complex, so we will go through it step by step to understand it. ,Life Cycle of Plasmodium – Human Cycle An infected Anopheles mosquito bites a human and _______________________________ into the bloodstream Within 30 minutes, the sporozoites enter_________________________ and begin the PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC INCUBATION (lasts for about a week). Within the liver cell, the sporozoite becomes a trophozoite divides by schizogony to form a multinucleate form called a ____________________________ individual nuclei will form ____________________________ ,Life Cycle of Plasmodium – Human Cycle 4. Liver cell ruptures to release the merozoites  In 2 species of malaria, some of these merozoites will re-invade liver cells to begin a new cycle in the liver - called the EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE. Cryptozoites in these liver cells become dormant and are called _________________________________ Merozoites may break out of hypnozoites years later and enter rbc's causing a _________________________________ In all species, most or all of the merozoites leave the liver and enter the bloodstream ,Life Cycle of Plasmodium – Human Cycle In the ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE, a merozoite penetrates a rbc and transforms into a uninucleate_______________________________ Trophozoite undergoes schizogony and becomes a multinucleate ______________________________ 7. Schizont ruptures rbc to release ______________________________ - This coincides with the onset of a fever followed by a period of chil