Safavid Dynasty

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The Safavid Dynasty (In Our Time, 12/1/12)

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Duration: 41:42
Updated: 02 Oct 2014

*** Discussion on the the Safavid Dynasty, rulers of the Persian empire between the 16th and 18th centuries.In 1501 Shah Ismail, a boy of fifteen, declared himself ruler of Azerbaijan. Within a year he had expanded his territory to include most of Persia, and founded a ruling dynasty which was to last for more than two hundred years. At the peak of their success the Safavids ruled over a vast territory which included all of modern-day Iran. They converted their subjects to Shi'a Islam, and so created the religious identity of modern Iran - although they were also often ruthless in their suppression of Sunni practices. They thrived on international trade, and their capital Isfahan, rebuilt by the visionary Shah Abbas, became one of the most magnificent cities in the world. Under Safavid rule Persia became a cultural centre, producing many great artists and thinkers. *** Guests: Robert Gleave Emma Loosley Andrew Newman ================================================== The Islamic Golden Age, Islamic Golden Age, Islamic Civilization, Islamic Civilisation, Muslim Civilization, Muslim Civilisation, Islamic History, Muslim History, Arab Civilization, Arab Civilisation, Culture, Philosophy, Politics, History, Science, Achievements, Golden Age, Great Age, Muhammad, Prophet Muhammad, Muslims in History, Falsafa, Kallam, Islamic Art, Islamic Architecture, Muslim Religion, Islamic Religion, Muslim Thinkers, Ummayad, Abbasid, Fatimids, Muslim Dynasty, Mamluks, Ottomans, Muslim Empires, Islamic Empire, Arabia, Introduction, Series, Muslim Sects, Sunni, Shi'i, Shi'a, Sunnism, Ali, Kerbala, Karabala, Husain, Husayn, Fatima, Prophet, Shah Abbas, Safavids, Safavid Dynasty, Ismail, Persian, Isfahan, Jameh Mosque, Shah Mosque, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Lotfollah Mosque, Masjed-e Imam,

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The Safavid Dynasty (In Our Time, 12/1/12)

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Duration: 62:31
Updated: 17 Apr 2015

The Safavid Dynasty (In Our Time, 12/1/12) Discussion on the the Safavid Dynasty, rulers of the Persian empire between the 16th and 18th centuries.In 1501 Shah Ismail, a boy of fifteen, declared himself ruler of Azerbaijan. Within. Discussion of the siege of Constantinople in 1453. When Sultan Mehmet the Second rode into the city of Constantinople on a white horse in 1453, it marked the end of a thousand years of. All rights and credit go to the British Broadcasting Corporation. Welcome guys to my Let`s Play of Civilization 5 : Brave New World in which we play on King Difficulty(Sorry not good enough for Deity). I am very nooby at the game and I have in general not.

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The Political History of the Safavid Empire

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Duration: 3:41
Updated: 08 Aug 2014
author: FadedEidolon

A brief decription of the political history of the Islamic Safavid Empire. This was made as a school project for World History AP.

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Safavid Empire

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Duration: 12:01
Updated: 09 Aug 2014
author: Richard Gallagher

Safavid Empire - Cameron, Teddy, Rich.

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Safavid Empire - Turkish Rivals To The Ottoman Empire

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Duration: 84:00
Updated: 05 Sep 2014
author: MagnificentCentury

The Safavid dynasty (Persian: سلسلهٔ صفويان‎; Azerbaijani: Səfəvilər, صفویلر) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia (modern Iran), and i...

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The Safavid dynasty? الصفويون

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Duration: 5:27
Updated: 08 Apr 2015

الصفويون هم آل صفويان: سلالة من الشاهات حكمت في بلاد فارس (إيران) سنوات 1501-1785 م المقر:تبريز: حتى 1548 م، قزوين: 1548-1598 م، أصفهان: منذ 1598 م.

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Shia Safavid Empire of Iran & Christian Europe.

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Duration: 9:21
Updated: 28 Aug 2014
author: Dash Ali

http://wn.com/Shia_Safavid_Empire_of_Iran_&_Christian_Europe.

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What Is The Safavid Dynasty?

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Duration: 2:10
Updated: 26 Aug 2014
author: OttomanHarem

The Safavid dynasty (Persian: سلسلهٔ صفويان‎; Azerbaijani: Səfəvilər, صفویلر) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia (modern Iran), and "...

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BBC Documentary: The Destruction to Islam By Safavid Dynasty

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Duration: 41:41
Updated: 17 Apr 2015

BBC Documentary: The Destruction to Islam By Safavid Dynasty

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Safavid dynasty

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Duration: 3:49
Updated: 13 Jul 2013
author: El Cid Al-Moussawi

safavids Destiny.

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Shah Ismail of Safavid empire [History of Azerbaijan]

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Duration: 2:09
Updated: 23 Jun 2014
author: TheAzerbaijanHistory

The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the "Safawiyyah" which was established in the city of Ardabil in Azerbaijan. In 1501, 15 year old Shah Ismail proclaime...

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Safavid Empire Maps (Azerbajan)

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Duration: 0:51
Updated: 03 Jul 2014
author: Ismail Shah

Maps of Safavid Empire of Azerbaijan.

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Safevi Devleti / Safavid Dynasty

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Duration: 2:19
Updated: 16 Feb 2015

Safavid Turkic Empire

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The Mughal Empire and Historical Reputation: Crash Course World History #218

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Duration: 11:44
Updated: 21 Nov 2014

There's a new Crash Course poster with all your favorite World History characters! Czech it: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-characters-poster In which John Green teaches you about the Mughal Empire, which ruled large swaths of the Indian Sub-Continent from 1526 to (technically) 1857. While John teaches you about this long-lived Muslim empire, he'll also look at the idea of historical reputation and how we view people from history. Namely, he'll look at the reputations of Mughal emperors Akbar I and Aurangzeb. Traditionally, Akbar I is considered the emperor that made the Mughal Empire great, and Aurangzeb gets the blame for running the whole thing into the ground and setting it up for decline. Is that really how it was, though? It turns out, it's complicated. You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

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Safavid Empire (Persia) National Anthem: Ey Iran

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Duration: 2:47
Updated: 02 Dec 2014

The Unofficial Anthem of Persia

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The Ancestors Of The Safavid Dynasty.

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Duration: 2:11
Updated: 07 Jul 2014
author: OttomanHarem

The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be Seyyeds, family descendants of the prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There s...

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Ardabil, Historic City of South Azerbaijan (Capital of Safavid dynasty) Ərdəbil * اردبیل

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Duration: 10:56
Updated: 12 Mar 2014
author: İnsan Haqları

Səfəvilərin yadigarı Ərdəbil... Bir orta əsrlər yadigarıdır bu şəhər. Avtomobillər, internet-kafelər, adamların əlində mobil telefonlar olmasaydı, siz özünüz...

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The History of Safavid Dynasty Part 1 From Safi al din to captive life of Shah Ismael

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Duration: 16:46
Updated: 26 Apr 2013

The Safavid dynasty (Persian: سلسلهٔ صفويان‎; Azerbaijani: Səfəvilər imperiyası, صفویلر) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia[18][19][20][21] and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam[22] as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and at their height, they controlled all of modern Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia, most of Iraq, Georgia, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along with its neighbours, the Ottoman and Mughal empires. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safaviyya Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region. It was of mixed ancestry (Azerbaijani,[23] Kurdish[24] Persian[25][26] and Turkmen,[27] which included intermarriages with Georgian[28] and Pontic Greek[29] dignitaries). From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over all of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region,[30] thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanid Empire to establish a unified Iranian state.[31] Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by spreading Shi'a Islam in Iran, as well as major parts of the Caucasus, South Asia, Central Asia, and Anatolia.

http://wn.com/The_History_of_Safavid_Dynasty_Part_1_From_Safi_al_din_to_captive_life_of_Shah_Ismael

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All About - Safavid dynasty

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Duration: 3:01
Updated: 07 Dec 2014

What is Safavid dynasty? A report all about Safavid dynasty for homework/assignment The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia (modern Iran), and "is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history". They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and, at their height, they controlled all of modern Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along with its neighbours, its arch rival the Ottoman Empire, and Mughal Empire. Intro/Outro music: Discovery Hit/Chucky the Construction Worker - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under CC-BY-3.0 Text derived from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty Text to Speech powered by voice-rss.com Images are Public Domain or CC-BY-3.0: Map_Safavid_persia.png from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%9339) Safavid_Dynasty,_Joseph_Enthroned_from_a_Falnama_(Book_of_Omens),_circa_1550_AD.jpg from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Safavid_Dynasty,_Joseph_Enthroned_from_a_Falnama_(Book_of_Omens),_circa_1550_AD.jpg Safavid_Dynasty,_Horse_and_Groom,_by_Haydar_Ali,_early_16th_century.jpg from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Safavid_Dynasty,_Horse_and_Groom,_by_Haydar_Ali,_early_16th_century.jpg 2000px-Safavid_map_ak.svg.png from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan 450px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Safavid_Flag.svg

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The History of Safavid Dynasty last and final part 5.end of Safavid dynasty.

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Duration: 7:58
Updated: 04 May 2014
author: Islam History

The Safavid dynasty (Persian: سلسلهٔ صفويان‎; Azerbaijani: Səfəvilər imperiyası, صفویلر) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled...

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Safavid Empire Rap

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Duration: 3:27
Updated: 28 Oct 2014

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Safavid Empire Crash Course

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Duration: 10:06
Updated: 19 Feb 2014

Crash Course video on the Safavid Empire modeled after the videos produced by John Green. We claim no rights to any music or pictures.

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Shah Ismail & Safavid Dynasty part 6 Battle of Chalderan Ottoman vs Safavid and later death of Ismai

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Duration: 7:08
Updated: 08 May 2014
author: Islam History

Date 23 August 1514 Location Chaldiran, northwestern Iran Result Decisive Ottoman victory[1] Belligerents Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Safavid dynasty Comma...

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Isfahan (city) Wikipedia travel guide video. Created by http://stupeflix.com

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Duration: 0:55
Updated: 25 Mar 2010

Create your own video on http://studio.stupeflix.com/?w=1 ! Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Isfahan. Chehel Sotoon is a famous tourist attraction. A Persian Rug depicting an old scene from the turquoise blue mosque of Isfahan. The entrance to Shah Mosque or Shah Jame' Mosque in Isfahan. This mosque is the most glorious sign of flourishing architecture during the Safavid dynasty. View of Ali Qapu Palace. Interior view of the dome, Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque. The entrance to Jamé mosque. Khaju Bridge over Zayandeh rud River. An old master of hand-printed carpets in Isfahan bazaar.

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Documentary: The Beautiful And Historic City of Isfahan / Esfāhān, Iran

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Duration: 50:56
Updated: 06 Sep 2014
author: IAmCow GodMoo

Young American Girl explores the Beautiful and Historic city of Isfahan/Esfāhān, Iran (More Info Below) For those of us who love to travel, perhaps Isfahan i...

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IRAN Sightseeing Tour - World Travel Channel HD

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Duration: 14:23
Updated: 09 Mar 2015

advexontube.com WORLD TRAVEL (EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICAS...) Join Rick as he explores the most surprising and fascinating land he's ever visited: Iran. In a one-hour, ground-breaking travel special on public television, you'll discover the splendid monuments of Iran's rich and glorious past, learn more about the 20th-century story of this perplexing nation, and experience Iranian life today in its historic capital and in a countryside village. Most important, you'll meet the people of this nation whose government so exasperates our own. Iran (Listeni/ɪˈrɑːn/[10] or /aɪˈræn/;[11] Persian: ایران‎ [ʔiːˈɾɑn] ( listen)), formerly known as Persia (/ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/),[11][12] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia.[13][14][15] It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; with Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest nation in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world; with 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th most populous nation.[13][16] It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia and the Strait of Hormuz. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations,[17][18] beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdom in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the country into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region.[3] Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire (First Persian Empire) founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Pannonia) and Thrace-Macedonia in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen.[19] The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The area eventually regained influence under the Parthian Empire and rose to prominence once more after the establishment of the Sasanian dynasty (Neo-Persian empire) in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world along with the Byzantine Empire for the next four centuries.[20] Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were largely replaced after Rashidun Muslims invaded Persia in 633 AD, and conquered it by 651 AD.[21] Iran thereafter played a vital role in the subsequent Islamic Golden Age, producing numerous influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. The emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty, which promoted the Twelver school of thought as the official religion, marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history.[5][22][23] It also culminated into tensions, which in 1514 led to the Battle of Chaldiran. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran would once again reach high prominence, reaching its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world.[24] The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906 established the nation's first parliament, which operated within a constitutional monarchy. Following a coup d'état instigated by the UK and the US in 1953, Iran gradually became autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the Iranian Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979. Thank You! God Bless

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Isfahan, Iran by Asiatravel.com

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Duration: 2:51
Updated: 10 Nov 2009

Asiatravel.com offers over 500,000 Hotels, Flights, Travel Packages, Tours & Attractions up to 75% discount. All with last minute availability & instant confirmation plus up to 5% cash rebate exclusively for our customers. For more information visit http://www.asiatravel.com Isfahan or Esfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān, Old Persian: Aspadāna, Middle Persian: Spahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan or Hispahan, is located about 340 km south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province and Iran's third largest city (after Tehran and Mashhad). Isfahan city had a population of 1,583,609 and the Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.[2] The cities of Najafabad, Khaneh Esfahan, Khomeini-shahr, Shahin-shahr, Zarrinshahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and Fouladshahr all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan. Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).[3] The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the biggest city squares in the world and an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The city also has a wide variety of historic monuments ranging from the Sassanid to the Safavid dynasties.[citation needed] Remaining Islamic architectural sites were built from 11th to the 19th century, while older, pre-Islamic monuments date back to 1000 B.C. Info Taken from Wikipedia.com Credits to Wikipedia.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan Main

http://wn.com/Isfahan,_Iran_by_Asiatravel.com

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Cultural Elements Within The Safavid Empire.

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Duration: 3:52
Updated: 07 Jul 2014
author: OttomanHarem

The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. There are extant Tati and Persian poetry from Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili as well as extant P...

http://wn.com/Cultural_Elements_Within_The_Safavid_Empire.

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Golestan Palace, Tehran, Iran.

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Duration: 5:57
Updated: 30 Apr 2014
author: ECOVITTA

The oldest of the historic monuments in Tehran, the Golestan Palace (also Gulistan Palace) (The Rose Garden Palace) belongs to a group of royal buildings tha...

http://wn.com/Golestan_Palace,_Tehran,_Iran.

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Imam Mosque

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Duration: 1:32
Updated: 18 Oct 2010
author: Hanif Kashani

Short video of the inside of the Imam Mosque in Isfahan. It was built in the 1600's under ths Safavid dynasty. It is regarded as a masterpiece in Persian arc...

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Street Food - Kingdom of Bahrain Middle East

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Duration: 6:48
Updated: 11 May 2015

A little look around the markets, shops and food of Bahrain. This tiny gulf country with a population of around 1.2 million is made up in half of non nationals, hence the food and many of the workers are from India, Kerala in most part, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Filipinos in the most part. Central market has a meat, vegetable and fish section. The streets in the centre manama are packed with shish, tikka, sharwarma, broasted, bread bakeries and so so much more. It is really vibrant and there are so many different types of spices on offer. This is just a little look at the country, on the other end of the scale and of no interest to us there are of course huge shopping malls selling designer brands and lots of fast food outlets, a little like Dubai really in that sense. We prefer the back streets and the real deal though, take your Gucci and KFC and stick it. As an island the fish is of course a big player here. Saudi Arabia is an hour away as is Abu Dhabi, Doha and Dubai. The Kingdom of Bahrain ‫مملكة البحرين‬‎ , is a small island country situated near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is an archipelago with Bahrain Island, the largest land mass, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway while Iran lies 200 km (124 mi) to the north across the Persian Gulf. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Bahrain is the site of the ancient land of the Dilmun civilisation. Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam in 628 AD. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521, who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire. In 1783, the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family, with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain's first hakim. In the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. In 1971, Bahrain declared independence. Formerly a state, Bahrain was declared a Kingdom in 2002. Since early 2011, the country has experienced sustained protests and unrest inspired by the regional Arab Spring, particularly by the majority Shia population. As part of the HOW TO COOK GREAT NETWORK - http://www.howtocoogreatfood.com Also take a look at our channel for other great cooking genres. And look at the websites for in detail recipes, gallery and cooking tips. http://www.howtocookgreatethiopian.com http://www.howtocookgreatjamaican.com http://www.howtocookgreatcurry.com http://www.howtocookgreatfilipino.com https://plus.google.com/+howtocookgreat/posts

http://wn.com/Street_Food_-_Kingdom_of_Bahrain_Middle_East

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Isfahan

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Duration: 11:00
Updated: 04 Jun 2008

Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about 340 km south ofTehran. It has a population of 1,583,609, Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad. The Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran. The cities of Najafabad, Se-deh (Homayounshahr, renamed Khomeinishahr since 1981), Khan Isfahan, Shahin-shahr, Zarrinshahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and Fouladshahr all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan. Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world). The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the biggest city squares in the world and an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It has been designated byUNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The city also has a wide variety of historic monuments. The songs used for this video: Aref- soltaneh ghalb faramaz aslani - age ye rooz sattar - Ey asheghan each and every photo you see on this video was taken off the following websites: http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Middle_East/Iran/East/Esfahan/ http://travel.webshots.com/album/555179898LrAvug?start=0 http://outdoors.webshots.com/photo/2705135960080932365fjjlty http://www.syros.aegean.gr/users/nhad/Isfahan/Isfahan.htm http://www.dejkam.com/iran/isfahan/ http://www.worldisround.com/articles/73022/index.html http://math.usask.ca/fvk/Iran%202003/Isfahan/ http://www.melotti.net/file/ricordi_di_viaggio/th_iran.htm http://math.usask.ca/fvk/Iran%202003/Isfahan/ http://www.mui.ac.ir/photo_album/fa/01/0101/page_01.htm http://travel.webshots.com/album/552350262RfmxjA http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2529/html/panorama.htm http://www.flickr.com/photos/farhang/484657426/in/set-72157594249490158/ http://www.isfahan.us/ http://iran.iwarp.com/photo6.html Nesfe Jahan

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Kerman Oasis City, Iran by Asiatravel.com

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Duration: 1:29
Updated: 03 Nov 2013
author: AsiaTravelTV

Asiatravel.com offers over 500000 Hotels, Flights, Travel Packages, Tours & Attractions up to 75% discount. All with last minute availability & instant conf...

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Beautiful, 5 Amazing Places in Iran

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Duration: 2:31
Updated: 11 Nov 2014

Beautiful, 5 Amazing Places in Iran. It might not be on everyone's travel radar, but Iran has a well-worn tourist circuit, encompassing attractions in the ancient cities of Shiraz and Isfahan. For those wanting to get off the beaten path, the country has a wealth of lesser-known destinations that rival the stunning beauty and historical significance of their more famous counterparts. Here are five of the best: beautiful places in iran, best places in iran, best places to travel in iran, best places in dubai, best places in the world, best places to travel around the world, best places to visit in the world, beautiful place in the word, travel, Rudkhan Castle Hidden in the humid green forests of Iran's northern Gilan province is Rudkhan Castle, a medieval military fortress whose origins predate the rise of Islam in Iran. Few foreign tourists have visited the site, which is a popular attraction among Iranians. Work started on the castle during the Persian Sassanid era, between A.D. 224 and 651. Followers of the Ismaili sect (the infamous "Assassins" or "Hashashin") are believed to have renovated and completed the fortress during the late 11th to 12th centuries. Bekhradi Historical House This 400-year-old inn built in Persia's Safavid era features four tastefully decorated multiroomed guest suites and is the oldest house to be restored in Iran. Its renovation and artistic restoration took local interior designer and restoration specialist Morteza Bekhradi five years to engineer and complete. Peppered with stained-glass windows and original artwork from the Safavid and subsequent Qajar eras, the house sits between two gardens replete with fruits and wildflowers. Soltaniyeh Dome A UNESCO World Heritage site in the northwestern province of Zanjan, the mausoleum of Oljaytu at Soltaniyeh is topped by one of the world's largest domes. Built between 1302 and 1312 in Soltaniyeh, the capital city of the Mongols' Ilkhanid Dynasty, the monument is a mausoleum for Il-khan Oljeitu, the Ilkhanid's eighth ruler. Though much of the structure's exterior coloring and tiles have faded through the centuries, the intricate brickwork, tilework and vibrant designs inside the mausoleum have remained largely unscathed. Laleh Kandovan Rocky Hotel About 30 miles outside the northwestern city of Tabriz lies the troglodyte village of Kandovan. People here live in cone-shaped caves cut out of volcanic rock at the foot of Mount Sahand, a dormant volcano. Nestled within the 800-year-old village, the Laleh Kandovan Rocky Hotel has been literally hand-carved into the rocky landscape, with each of the luxury hotel's 16 modernized rooms encompassing a cave, or "karaan." Toghrol Tower Toghrol Tower is a Seljuk-era monument situated in the city of Rey, on the southern outskirts of Iran's capital city, Tehran. Often overlooked by visitors who tend to stick to the higher-income northern and central areas of the Iranian capital, Rey is the oldest county in Tehran province and is speckled with historical monuments, including a 500-year-old Safavid-era bazaar. The tower is said to serve as the mausoleum for Seljuk king Toghrol Beg, who established Rey as a major administrative center of the Seljuk Dynasty until its destruction by Mongol armies in the early 13th century. beautiful places in iran, best places in iran, best places to travel in iran, best places in dubai, best places in the world, best places to travel around the world, best places to visit in the world, beautiful place in the word, travel, Beautiful, 5 Amazing Places in Iran. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxX9RQPvTEc

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Iran travel

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Duration: 1:45
Updated: 29 Mar 2015

Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; with Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest nation in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world; with 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th most populous nation. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia and the Strait of Hormuz. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdom in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the country into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire (First Persian Empire) founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Pannonia) and Thrace-Macedonia in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The area eventually regained influence under the Parthian Empire and rose to prominence once more after the establishment of the Sasanian dynasty (Neo-Persian empire) in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world along with the Byzantine Empire for the next four centuries. Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were largely replaced after Rashidun Muslims invaded Persia in 633 AD, and conquered it by 651 AD. Iran thereafter played a vital role in the subsequent Islamic Golden Age, producing numerous influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. The emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty, which promoted the Twelver school of thought as the official religion, marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. It also culminated into tensions, which in 1514 led to the Battle of Chaldiran. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran would once again reach high prominence, reaching its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world. The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906 established the nation's first parliament, which operated within a constitutional monarchy. Following a coup d'état instigated by the UK and the US in 1953, Iran gradually became autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the Iranian Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979. Tehran is the capital and largest city, serving as the cultural, commercial, and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the 4th-largest proven oil reserves.It hosts Asia's 4th-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC. Its unique political system, based on the 1979 constitution, combines elements of a parliamentary democracy with a religious theocracy run by the country's clergy, wherein the Supreme Leader wields significant influence. A multicultural nation comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shi'ites, the Iranian rial is its currency, and Persian is the official language. Source: Wikipedia

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Islamic Architecture Imam Mosque Isfahan Iran

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Duration: 6:50
Updated: 16 Aug 2014
author: Nu Super

Imam Mosque - UNESCO World Heritage Site - also known as Shah Mosque and Masjed-e Shah - located in Imam Square - also known as Naghsh-i Jahan Square or Maid...

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Ardabil Artawila, A Holy Place (Sheikh Safi's Complex)- Iran

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Duration: 14:41
Updated: 06 Sep 2014

Ardabil Artawila, A Holy Place (Sheikh Safi's Complex)- Iran Ardabil was the capital of Azarbaijan, but later was soon superseded by Tabriz. In 1220 AD it was destroyed by the Mongols. Ardabil is best known as the birthplace of the eminent religious leader Sheik Safi od-Din (1251-1334) from whom the Safavid dynasty was descended. Sheikh Safi was the founder of a sufi order and monastery in Ardabil, the prime mover of Iranian culture during the 15-16th century and the center of the theocratic community of Dervish Brotherhood. Ismail, a descendent of Sheikh Safi and who was later crowned as the Shah of Persia in Tabriz (1501), was himself a member of this order. In 1510 he defeated the Khan and conquered Baghdad. The decision to uphold Shiism might be interpreted as an extreme endeavor to prevent the Iranian nation from becoming absorbed by the west (Ottomans) and the east (Uzbeks). The town was occupied by the Turks in 1725 and the Russians in 1828. Its proficient library was taken to St. Petersburg by the Russians. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province http://persiatours.com/cities_sightseeing_iran_ardebil.htm http://poeticliterature.com/

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Beautifull Mosque in Isfahan(Iran)

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Duration: 1:28
Updated: 26 Mar 2014
author: kyzeist

"Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 ...

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Safavids: Glory of Iran

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Duration: 4:37
Updated: 24 Aug 2014
author: m ballan

The beauty of Safavid architecture.

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PBS Islam Empire of Faith - part 2.avi

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Duration: 13:01
Updated: 22 Feb 2014
author: onemissiononevision

Islam: Empire of Faith is a documentary series, made in 2000, that details the history of Islam, from the birth of the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad to theOttoma...

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Iran Wikipedia video. Created by Stupeflix.com

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Duration: 2:55
Updated: 16 Mar 2010

Create your own video on http://studio.stupeflix.com !Map of the world by Eratosthenes, c.200 BCE. In antiquity, the names Ariana (Aryânâ) and Persis were used to describe the region where modern-day Iran is found. Stonecarving from Persepolis showing Darius I the Great of Persia (521-486 BC). The 2500 year old ruins of Persepolis (Old Persian: Parsa'; New Persian: Takht-e Jamshid). The Arg-e Bam citadel, built before 500 BC. A great example of Iranian castles of the time. A bust from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia. Coin of Phraates IV. (38 BCE). The inscripton reads: Benefactor Arsaces, Civilized friend of Greeks. The Avestan (Old Iranian) language written in Din dabireh (literally: religion script) scholarly consensus floats around 1000 BCE. A giant rock relief at Naqsh-e Rostam, depicting the triumph of Persian King Shapur I over three Roman Emperors Valerian, Gordian III and Philip the Arab. A Latin copy of Avicennas Canon of Medicine, which was the standard medical text in Europe for seven centuries. Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) is considered the greatest of the medieval Islamic and Persian physicians. His work directly influenced the Renaissance. Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid State (1501 to 1736). Naghsh-i Jahan Square built in the Safavid era is one of the best examples of Persian Architecture. It is still one of largest city squares in the world and the largest in Western Asia. Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh, founder of Iran's first democratic government, overthrown in a CIA-backed coup in 1953. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi overthrown in the 1979 Iranian revolution. Farah Pahlavi former Empress of Iran. Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, leader of the Islamic revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein on 19 December - 20 December 1983. Rumsfeld visited again on 24 March 1984; the same day the UN released a report that Iraq had used mustard gas and tabun nerve agent against Iranian troops. After the revolution, Shahyad Tower was renamed to Azadi Tower (Freedom Tower). Hills south west of Sanandaj near the village of Kilaneh, Kurdistan Province. Mount Damavand is Iran's highest point. Fars Province landscape. Rural houses in Mazandaran's green forests. The rial is Iran's official currency. Tehran was one of the first cities in Iran which was modernized in the Pahlavi era. It currently hosts 45% of Iran's large industries. Kish Island is a free-trade zone, which is fast becoming a major tourist destination. Ethnic diversity of Iran. Demography of Iran (2002). Religious distribution in Iran. Iranian-made Shafaq strike trainer fast jet. Iranian made Zulfiqar-2 tank The most advanced of these tanks is the Zulfiqar-3. Miniature painting by Mohammad Tajvidi on the cover of the Divan of Hafez ("Hafez's Anthology"), published 1969. Rumi in pensive mood. Azadi Football Stadium is the biggest venue for Iranian football (soccer). Its also the world's 4th largest soccer stadium. Gondola lift carry skiers and other visitors to Tochal mountain near Tehran. The 12th century Friday Mosque of Yazd is still in use today. It was first built under Ala'oddoleh Garshasb of the Al-e Bouyeh dynasty. A modern example of Persian miniature by miniature artist Mahmoud Farshchian. An eighteenth-century Persian astrolabe. Throughout the Middle Ages, the natural philosophy and mathematics of the ancient Greeks and Persians were furthered and preserved within Persia. During this period, Persia became a centre for the manufacture of scientific instruments, retaining its reputation for quality well into the nineteenth century. Photo taken from medieval manuscript by Qotbeddin Shirazi (12361311), a Persian astronomer. The image depicts an epicyclic planetary model.

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Ming Dynasty Decline & Fall

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Duration: 2:59
Updated: 16 Feb 2015

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TRAVEL TO IRAN (English/Deutsch) - REISE IN DEN IRAN - 2013

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Duration: 94:33
Updated: 30 Jan 2014

Have also a look at the photo gallery of my travel // Hier findest du die Fotos meiner Reise: http://on.fb.me/1iskw3r Mein Reisebericht aus dem Iran vom 4.-18. September 2013. My travelogue about Iran from 4th to 18th of September 2013. besuchte Städte/visited cities: Tehran, Qazvin, Shiraz, Persepolis, Isfahan Kamera/Videocam: Sony SLT Alpha 65 + Tamron 17-50 2.8 & Apple iPhone 4 My hotel in Tehran: http://www.firouzehhotel.com/ My hotel in Shiraz: http://on.fb.me/1kS6qNc Fragen? Schreibe bitte einen Kommentar. Any Questions? Please leave a comment. Wenn euch der Film gefallen hat, freue ich mich zur Unterstützung meiner Filmarbeit über eine kleinen Spende! Dankeschön! :) // If you like the movie, I would be glad if you support my film production with a small donation! Thanks :) via PayPal: http://bit.ly/1m8UO4V Spendenkonto//Bank Account: Inhaber/Owner: Daniel Seidel IBAN: DE63 8309 4495 0003 2539 96 BIC: GENODEF1ETK (Ethikbank) Verwendungszweck/Usage: Filmproduktion

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Naqsh Jahan in Isfahan Iran 3D

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Duration: 1:54
Updated: 15 Aug 2014
author: Behnam Nazemi

Imam Square in Isfahan Iran 3D میدان امام شهر اصفهان.ایران Naqsh-e Jahan Square (Persian: میدان نقش جهان‎ Maidān-e Naqsh-e Jahān; trans: "Image of the World ...

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The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5

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Duration: 11:39
Updated: 23 Feb 2012

In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300. Resources: The Histories of Herodotus: http://dft.ba/-herodotus Plato: http://dft.ba/-plato Plays of Aristophanes: http://dft.ba/-aristophanes Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://www.dftba.com/product/1688 Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler Like us! ‪http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse Follow us again! ‪http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

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Justin Marozzi: "Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood" (Start the Week, 29/9/14)

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Duration: 13:13
Updated: 30 Sep 2014

Justin Marozzi is a travel writer, historian and journalist. GUESTS: Karen Armstrong Justin Marozzi Christopher Coker

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Güntay Gencalp - Səfəvi Tarixinin Yapısökümü

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Duration: 40:50
Updated: 04 Sep 2014
author: İnsan Haqları

Safevi Tarihinin Yapısökümü (Deconstructing history of Safavid dynasty) - GünazTv June.11.2014 Yalanlama واسازی / ساختارشکنی تاریخ صفویان - گونتای گنج آلپ - ...

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Islam: Empire of Faith

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Duration: 160:05
Updated: 11 Aug 2014
author: Enes Ugur

Islam: Empire of Faith is a documentary series, made in 2000, that details the history of Islam, from the birth of the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad to the Ottom...

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Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Mission: Rebel Mountain Stronghold HD

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Duration: 21:30
Updated: 19 Dec 2014

Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Mission: Rebel Mountain Stronghold HD Situation: General Haatim Jaareah Bin Shamim Kalb and his remaining loyalist rebel troops have fled to an ancient Safavid Dynasty–era stronghold in the mountains. Captured Delta Operative Six One is being ransomed for immunity against prosecution. Three Soviet ZU-23 anti-aircraft guns have been placed in the city surrounding the fortress, preventing any potential air assault. SUMMARY OF MISSION: Rebel General Haatim Jaareah Bin Shamim Kalb and his remaining rebel troops have fled to a medieval stronghold near Yasuj and are holding a Delta Operative hostage. Delta will insert via Black Hawk, navigate the fortress city, and attempt to rescue the hostage. You must disable all air defenses before the hostage can be extracted. Once he is secured, infiltrate the stronghold itself and eliminate the general. Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Mission 1, Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre playthrough, Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Walkthrough, Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre gameplay Walkthrough, Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Gameplay, Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, today Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, this week Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, today Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre, this week Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Let's Play no commentary Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Walkthrough no commentary Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Gameplay no commentary Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre playthrough no commentary Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, today Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, this week Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, today Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough, this week Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre Campaign no commentary "Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough " "Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre lets play " "Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre let's play " "Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre walkthrough" "Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre playthrough" "Delta Force Black Hawk Down Team Sabre gameplay" ►ＳＵＢＳＣＲＩＢＥ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCx8o9yN0F3zkjaQYfZyolyQ?sub_confirmation=1

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Portrayals of 'Ali b. Abi Talib throughout History: from Early Schisms to the Safavid Dynasty

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Duration: 30:39
Updated: 13 Jun 2015

Part I of Conference on the Humanitarian, Philanthropic & Philosophical Legacy of Ali b. Abi Talib Hosted by HIKMA Association at University of Sydney

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Jolfa in Isfahan - Armenian Churches and Armenians in Iran

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Duration: 30:04
Updated: 28 Aug 2014
author: iraninfo

New Julfa is the Armenian quarter of Isfahan, Iran, located along the south bank of the river Zayandeh River. In 1606 it was established as an Armenian quart...

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Who Is Nader Shah?

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Duration: 20:10
Updated: 18 Jan 2015

Nāder Shāh Afshār or Nadir Shah (Persian: نادر شاه افشار‎; also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November, 1688 or August 6, 1698 – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty which briefly became one of the most powerful Persian dynasties in Iranian history. Because of his military genius as evidenced in numerous martial encounters throughout the Naderian Wars such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Agh-Darband, Baghavard, Kheibar pass, Karnal & Kars, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia, which had supplied military power to the Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I. Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Afghans had overthrown the weak Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the arch enemy of the Safavids, the Ottomans, and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns created a great empire that briefly encompassed what is now part of or includes Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, North India, Oman and the Persian Gulf, but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy. Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the previous conquerors from Central Asia. He imitated their military prowess and — especially later in his reign — their cruelty. His victories during the Naderian Wars briefly made him West Asia's most powerful sovereign but his empire quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747. Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror". Nader Shah was born in the fortress of Dastgerd into the Qereqlu clan of the Afshars, a semi-nomadic Qizilbash tribe settled in the northern valleys of Khorasan, a province in the north-east of the Persian Empire. His father, Emam Qoli, was a herdsman who may also have been a camel driver and coatmaker. He died while Nader was still young. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves by marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but Nader managed to escape. He joined a band of brigands while still a boy and eventually became their leader. Under the patronage of Afshar chieftains, he rose through the ranks to become a powerful military figure. Nader married the two daughters of Baba Ali Beg, a local chief. Fall of the Safavid dynasty Nader grew up during the final years of the Safavid dynasty which had ruled Iran since 1502. At its peak, under such figures as Abbas the Great, Safavid Persia had been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and the reigning shah, Sultan Husayn, was a weak ruler. When Sultan Husayn attempted to quell a rebellion by the Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the governor he sent (Gurgin Khan) was killed. Under their leader Mahmud Hotaki, the rebellious Afghans moved westwards against the shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a force at the Battle of Gulnabad and then besieged the capital, Isfahan. After the shah failed to escape to rally a relief force elsewhere, the city was starved into submission and Sultan Husayn abdicated, handing power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted to the local Afghan governor of Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled and built up his own small army. Sultan Husayn's son had declared himself Shah Tahmasp II, but found little support and fled to the Qajar tribe, who offered to back him. Meanwhile, Persia's imperial rivals, the Ottomans and the Russians, took advantage of the chaos in the country to seize territory for themselves. Fall of the Hotaki dynasty Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause and drive the Ghilzai Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national importance. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in treacherous correspondence with Malek Mahmud and revealed this to the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the chief of his army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In late 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad.

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Iran Is NOT The Problem

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Duration: 77:11
Updated: 05 Aug 2014
author: Kit Kirja

https://www.facebook.com/groups/John.Rand.Group/permalink/244422415685435/ SEE MORE AT ; https://www.facebook.com/groups/Shanghai.Cooperation.Organization/ A...

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Origin of Kurds & History of Struggle in Iraq (Documentary & Archive Clips)

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Duration: 38:47
Updated: 11 Aug 2014

Kurds are a group related to Europeans in Linguistics and DNA. During the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Treaty of Sevres outlined the creation of a Kurdish Nation in present day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. ( Due to Kemal Ataturk's military revival and formation of modern Turkey, Treaty of Lausanne supersedes Sevres and failed to mention Kurdistan. While today's Kurdish parties formed post-WWII, the Kurdish struggle for Independence began long before. Kurdistan Region has historically hosted wars between the Iranian Empires and Roman Empires, and the Ottoman Empire. During Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire, The Kizilbash (occupying borders between Iran and Turkey) and of probably Kurdish origin, identified with the Safavid Empire and rebelled against the Ottomans. This video covers the identity and origin of the Kurdish people, and their struggle for independence in Iraq dating back to Mustafa Barzani and the Pahlavi Dynasty. Including during the Iran-Iraq war, and Chemical Weapons attack on Halabja. Ethnically: "Discoveries from Kurdish Looms" by Robert D. Biggs, Mary & Leigh Block Gallery: "Ethnically the Kurds are an Iranian people Iraq After the Muslim Conquest p.265: '...Kurdish presence in Iraq was merely an extension of their presence in Western Iran' Iraq After the Muslim Conquest p.265: 'Iranian groups in foothills/mountains of Zagros were called Kurds at that time' E. J. van Donzel: "Kurds are Iranian people who live mainly at the junction of Turkey, Iran Iraq, Syria & Transcaucasia". John Limbert: "..The historic road from Baghdad to Hamadan and beyond divides the Kurds from their Iranian cousins, the Lurs" Case of the Bronze Age by Carl C. Lamberg-Karlovsky: Iranian people belong to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) community which is ancestral to the Celtic, Italic (including Romance), Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Tocharian languages. There is an agreement that the PIE community split into 2 major groups. One headed west for Europe and became speakers of Indo-European (all the languages of modern Europe save for Basque, Hungarian, and Finnish) while others headed east for Eurasia to become Indo-Iranians. The Indo-Iranians were a community that spoke a common language prior to their branching off into the Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages. Iranian refers to various Iranian people such as Persian, Laki, Luri, Baluchi, and Dari speakers. Indo-Aryan: Sanskrit, Hindi and its many related languages. As noted in these academic sources: 1. http://fr.academic.ru/pictures/frwiki/73/IndoEuropeanTree.svg 2.http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/familytree.shtml

http://wn.com/Origin_of_Kurds_&_History_of_Struggle_in_Iraq_(Documentary_&_Archive_Clips)

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All About - Abbas I of Persia (Extended)

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Duration: 41:52
Updated: 19 Dec 2014

What is Abbas I of Persia? A documentary report all about Abbas I of Persia for homework/assignment. Shāh 'Abbās the Great (or Shāh 'Abbās I) () (27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah Emperor of Iran, and generally considered the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad. Intro/Outro music: Discovery Hit/Chucky the Construction Worker - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under CC-BY-3.0 Text derived from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia Text to Speech powered by voice-rss.com Images are Public Domain or CC-BY-3.0: 1280px-Abbas_II_of_Persia_and_the_Mughal_ambassador.jpeg from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abbas_II_of_Persia_and_the_Mughal_ambassador.jpeg 230px-ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia Abbas_II_of_Persia_and_the_Mughal_ambassador.jpeg from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abbas_II_of_Persia_and_the_Mughal_ambassador.jpeg Shah_Abbas_Horse.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia 220px-Abbas_II_of_Persia.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia Shah_Abbas_I_and_Vali_Muhammad_Khan.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia Sir_Robert_Shirley_by_Anthony_Van_Dyck_1622_Rome.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia 220px-Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti Shah_Abbas.jpg from http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2

http://wn.com/All_About_-_Abbas_I_of_Persia_(Extended)

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How Turks Converted Iran To Shia Islam

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Duration: 22:36
Updated: 16 Jan 2015

The Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shia Islam against the onslaughts of Sunni Islam, and the repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Iranianhood, acting as a bridge to modern Iran. It also ensured the dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaydiyyah and Ismaili sects – each of whom had previously experienced their own eras of dominance within Shiism. Through their actions, the Safavids reunified Iran as an independent state in 1501 and established Twelver Shiism as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. Iran’s population was mostly Sunni of the Shafi`i and Hanafi legal rites until the triumph of the Safavids (who had initially been Shafi`i Sufis themselves). Ironically, this was to the extent that up until the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire (the most powerful and prominent Sunni state and future arch-enemy of the Shia Safavids) used to send many of its Ulema (Islamic scholars) to Iran to further their education in Sunni Islam, due to a lack of Madrasahs (Islamic schools) within the Empire itself. The Sunni Iranians had always held the family of Muhammad in high esteem. In contrast, before the Safavid period, a minority of Iranians were Shia and there had been relatively few Shia Ulema in Iran. From 1500–2 Ismail I conquered Tabriz in Iran, as well as Azerbaijan. He would take most of the next decade to consolidate his control over Iran, where most of the Persian population was still Sunni. His army spread out first to the central regions in 1504. He captured southwestern Iran between 1505 and 1508 before finally conquering the Khorasan region and the city of Herat in 1510. From the very beginning, the Safavid Dynasty was established on two foundations. One was Shia and the other was Persia, and Ismail concentrated more on the first than the second. His hatred of the Sunnis knew no bounds: he was the most intolerant Shia ruler since the fall of the Fatimids and his persecution of Sunnis was ruthless. He aimed at no less than the complete destruction of Sunnism. Thus, the alternative for the majority of the Persians (who were Sunnis at the time), was either convert to Shiism or accept death. Consequently, in the territory that came fully under his control, he was astonishingly successful in enforcing the conversion of the populace from Sunnism to Shiism. Reasons for Ismail’s conversion policy More than most Muslim dynasties the Safavids worked for conversion to their branch of Islam and for ideological conformity. The reasons for this conversion policy included: One of the main reasons why Ismail and his followers pursued such a severe conversion policy was to give Iran and the Safavid lands as distinct and unique an identity as was possible compared to its two neighboring Sunni Turkish military and political enemies, the Ottoman Empire and, for a time, the Central Asian Uzbeks — to the west and north-east respectively. The Safavids were engaged in a lengthy struggle with the Ottomans — including numerous wars between the two dynasties — and this struggle continuously motivated the Safavids to create a more cohesive Iranian identity to counter the Ottoman threat and possibility of a fifth-column within Iran among its Sunni subjects. The conversion was part of the process of building a territory that would be loyal to the state and its institutions, thus enabling the state and its institutions to propagate their rule throughout the whole territory. Ismail consolidated his rule over the country and launched a thorough and at times brutal campaign to convert the majority Sunni population to Twelver Shiism and thus transform the religious landscape of Iran.

http://wn.com/How_Turks_Converted_Iran_To_Shia_Islam

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The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East

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Duration: 22:24
Updated: 18 Feb 2015

Professor Kishwar Rizvi is an historian of Islamic art and architecture. She has written on representations of religious and imperial authority in Safavid Iran, as well as on issues of gender, nationalism, and religious identity in modern Iran and Pakistan. She is the author of The Safavid Dynastic Shrine: History, Religion and Architecture in Early Modern Iran, and the editor of Modernism and the Middle East: Architecture and Politics in the 20th Century. We talk with Professor Rizvi about her new book project, The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East.

http://wn.com/The_Transnational_Mosque_Architecture_and_Historical_Memory_in_the_Contemporary_Middle_East

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ULU OZANLAR:ŞAH HATAYİ

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Duration: 39:51
Updated: 24 Jul 2014
author: Hasan ÇELİK

Pîr ve mürşidler (dedeler) yedi büyük ozandan birisi olan Hatâyî'den cemlerde sıkça söz ederler. Zâkir ve âşıklar onun deyiş, nefes ve düvâz-imâmlarını okurl...

http://wn.com/ULU_OZANLAR_ŞAH_HATAYİ

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The Black Persians - The Ancient Persians Were Black

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Duration: 24:14
Updated: 18 Jul 2015

In the ancient times, black people were not confined only to Africa, they were all around the world. The ancient Persians were indeed black, they had Afro-textured hair (curly hair and curly beard), this is proved by their only painted reliefs that are from the Darius palace at Susa, all the immortal guards of Darius and Persian sphinxes are depicted curly-haired, curly-bearded and BLACK-skinned. The modern light-skinned people of Iran are mostly Azerbaijanis who are a Turkic people and call themselves Turks; many of now-non-Turkic people of Iran who call themselves Persian, like people of Isfahan, have had Turkic ancestors; people of Isfahan have the same haplogroups as the people of Azerbaijan (don't forget that Isfahan was the capital of Safavid dynasty who were Azerbaijani Turks). In Fars, there are a nomadic Turkic people called Qashqai, many of them have been assimilated to the native Farsi-speaking people since 90 years ago (because Farsi has been the only official language in Iran ever since) and now call themselves Persian; even today there are almost 500,000 qashqais. Other light-skinned Iranians like Bakhtiaris, Lurs, Kurdish people, Gilaks and Mazandaranis are not Persian either, they are amalgamations of many different people like Parthians (a Scythian tribe), people of Caucasus, Turkic people and native people of Iran. Just because the MODERN people of a region are light-skinned, does not mean/prove that all the ANCIENT people of that region were also light-skinned. Thanks for watching.

http://wn.com/The_Black_Persians_-_The_Ancient_Persians_Were_Black

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Islam Empire of Faith PBS Documentary Complete

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Duration: 149:36
Updated: 13 Feb 2015

Islam: Empire of Faith is a documentary series, made in 2000, that details the history of Islam, from the birth of the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad to the Ottoman Empire. It is narrated by Ben Kingsley and is available as three DVDs or two video volumes in NTSC format. The first episode deals with the life of Muhammad, the second with the early Caliphates, Crusades, and Mongol invasion, and the third with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid dynasty.

http://wn.com/Islam_Empire_of_Faith_PBS_Documentary_Complete

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All About - Ismail I (Extended)

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Duration: 23:34
Updated: 04 Mar 2015

What is Ismail I? A documentary report all about Ismail I for homework/assignment. Ismail I, (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil, (; full name: Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī), was Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign inIranian Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, a Twelver Shia militant religious order, and unified all of Iran by 1509. Born in Ardabil in Northwestern Iran, he reigned as Shah Ismail I of Iran from 1501 to 1524. Intro/Outro music: Discovery Hit/Chucky the Construction Worker - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under CC-BY-3.0 Text derived from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I Text to Speech powered by voice-rss.com Images are Public Domain or CC-BY-3.0: Shah_Ismail_I.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I Shah_Ismail.JPG from http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I. Shah_Ismail_Hatayi.jpg from http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._%C4%B0smail The_Battle_between_Shah_Ismail_and_Shaybani_Khan.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I 200px-Shah_Ismail.JPG from http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I 220px-Shah_esmaeil01.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I 1541-Battle_in_the_war_between_Shah_Isma'il_and_the_King_of_Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma'il.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I 375px-Shah_Ismail_I.jpg from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shah_Ismail_I.jpg 187px-Shah_Ismail_I.jpg from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shah_Ismail_I.jpg Ismail_Qemali.jpg from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Qemali

http://wn.com/All_About_-_Ismail_I_(Extended)

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THE HISTORY OF THE TURKISH AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE - Discovery History Ancient Culture (full documentary)

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Duration: 90:21
Updated: 24 Jan 2014

the history of the turkish and ottoman empire (full documentary). thanks for watching. history life discovery science technology tech learning education national nature geographic earth planet channel universe culture ancient civilization civilisation greek roman egypt egyptian archaeology medieval middle ages turkey turkish monarchy discoveries art museum

http://wn.com/THE_HISTORY_OF_THE_TURKISH_AND_OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_-_Discovery_History_Ancient_Culture_(full_documentary)

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Christopher Hitchens on Iran, Al Gore, Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger (1988)

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Duration: 85:03
Updated: 22 Aug 2014
author: The Book Archive

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in native...

http://wn.com/Christopher_Hitchens_on_Iran,_Al_Gore,_Richard_Nixon_and_Henry_Kissinger_(1988)

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Ultimate Fails Compilation 2015 TOP epic Win Fails Funny Pranks Best Fail Funny Vines Funniest Video

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Duration: 46:56
Updated: 18 Jan 2015

The Ultimate Fails Compilation ✔ FunnyvideosArchive Ultimate Fails Compilation 2012 || Best Fails of the Year! Ultimate Fails Compilation 2015 (So far) Ooops - Funny Home Videos Best Fails of the Week 1 January 2013 ★ Best of The Best Funny Fail Videos Compilation 2015 | Over 2Hours NON STOP (HD) Funniest Fail Compilation April 2013 NEW! Wedding Fails Compilation 2012 funny fail compilation The best fail and funny clips from this week - 06.02.2012. Georgian title "mephet'mephe" has the same meaning. The last shahanshah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) was ousted in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. Shahanshah is usually translated as king of kings or simply king for ancient rulers of the Achaemenid, Arsacid, and Sassanid dynasties, and often shortened to shah for rulers since the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century. Indian subcontinent The Sanskrit word for emperor is Samrāṭ or Chakravarti (word stem: samrāj). This word has been used as an epithet of various Vedic deities, like Varuna, and has been attested in the Holy Rig Veda, possibly the oldest compiled book among the Indo-Europeans. Chakravarti refers to the king of kings. A Chakravarti is not only a sovereign ruler but also has feudatories. Typically, in the later Vedic age, a Hindu high king (Maharajah) was only called Samrāṭ after performing the Vedic Rajasuya sacrifice, enabling him by religious tradition to claim superiority over the other kings and princes. Ultimate Fails Compilation 2015 TOP epic Win Fails Funny Pranks Best Fail Funny Vines Funniest Videos new TOP funny fails+falling,funny scared,funny fat people falling ... Video for funny fails► 12:51► 12:51 TOP funny fails+falling,funny scared,funny fat people falling,funny pranks,funny epic fails 2015 FAIL ... funny fail compilation - YouTube Video for funny fails► 9:08► 9:08 The best fail and funny clips from this week - 06.02.2012. Best Funny Fails Compilation August 2015 Ep.17 ... - YouTube Video for funny fails► 5:27► 5:27 Enjoy the funniest and best fails & prank videos compilation ever! Please subscribe to our channel for more ... NEW Funniest Video Funniest video in the world Funniest video in the world Ever Funniest video in the world Ever Try Not TO Laugh Epic Wins Fails ultimate fails wins fails compilation very funny video that make you laugh hard and crying NEW 2014 2015 tags: Funny, laugh, 2015, New Funny, laugh, 2015, New Funny, laugh, 2015, New Another word for emperor is sārvabhaumā. The title of Samrāṭ has been used by many rulers of the Indian subcontinent as claimed by the Hindu mythologies. In proper history, most historians call Chandragupta Maurya the first samrāṭ (emperor) of the Indian subcontinent, because of the huge empire he ruled. The most famous Buddhist emperor was his grandson Ashoka the Great. Other dynasties that are considered imperial by historians are the Kushanas, Guptas, Vijayanagara, Hoysala and the Cholas. After India was invaded by the Mongol Khans and Turkic Muslims, the rulers of their major states on the subcontinent were titled Sultān, In this manner, the only empress-regnant ever to have actually sat on the throne of Delhi was Razia Sultan. For the period from 1877 to 1947 when British Emperors ruled colonial India as the pearl in the crown of the British Empire, see above. Africa Ethiopia This article needs additional citations for verification. Funny Videos, Funny Videos 2015, Funny Fails, Funny Fail, Funny Or Die (Production Company), Funny Girl (Play), Funny People (Film), Funny Girl (Award-Winning Work), Funny Face (Film), Comic Book (Comic Book Genre), Ultimate Fails Compilation 2015, TOP, epic ,Win, Fails ,Funny Pranks, Best Fail, Funny Vines, Funniest Videos, new,January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, Ultimate Fails Compilation 2015 TOP epic Win Fails Funny Pranks Best Fail Funny Vines Funniest Videos new Link Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCnw07O45R0 Youtube Channel : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCS1Qk0mMKI11fGzHEXPya8A https://plus.google.com/u/0/118323875135558836321/posts?hl=en https://plus.google.com/u/0/118323875135558836321/videos?hl=en http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour https://www.google.com/search?q=Funny+Videos+2015

http://wn.com/Ultimate_Fails_Compilation_2015_TOP_epic_Win_Fails_Funny_Pranks_Best_Fail_Funny_Vines_Funniest_Video

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Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire (Library of Middle East History) — Download

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Duration: 0:09
Updated: 03 Jul 2015

Download Here: http://tinyurl.com/njrfmkw The Safavid dynasty, which reigned from the late fifteenth to the eighteenth century, links medieval with modern Iran. The Safavids witnessed wide-ranging developments in politics, warfare, science, philosophy, religion, art and architecture. But how did this dynasty manage to produce the longest lasting and most glorious of Iran’s Islamic-period eras?Andrew Newman offers a complete re-evaluation of the Safavid place in history as they presided over these extraordinary developments and the wondrous flowering of Iranian culture. In the process, he dissects the Safavid story, from before the 1501 capture of Tabriz by Shah Ismail (1488-1524), the point at which Shi`ism became the realm's established faith; on to the sixteenth and early seventeenth century dominated by Shah Abbas (1587-1629), whose patronage of art and architecture from his capital of Isfahan embodied the Safavid spirit; and culminating with the reign of Sultan Husayn (reg. 1694-1722).Based on meticulous scholarship, Newman offers a valuable new interpretation of the rise of the Safavids and their eventual demise in the eighteenth century. Safavid Iran, with its fresh insights and new research, is the definitive single volume work on the subject.

http://wn.com/Safavid_Iran_Rebirth_of_a_Persian_Empire_(Library_of_Middle_East_History)_—_Download

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Safavid empire * Azerbaijan - turk empire ||| Safevi - devleti * Azerbaycan - türk devleti

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Duration: 2:09
Updated: 22 Jun 2015

Safavid empire * Azerbaijan - turk empire Safevi devleti * Azerbaycan - türk devleti Safevi devleti * Azerbeycan - türk devleti امپراطوری صفوی * امپراتوری ترکی آذربایجان Imperio safávida * Imperio turco Azerbaiyán Сефевиды * Азербайджан - тюркской империи Safávidas - Azerbaijão império turco Séfévides - Empire turkic Azerbaïdjan Safavidi Sefewi Döwleti Сефевіди Азербайджан Тюркський каганат Səfəvilər İmperiyası - Azərbaycan türk dövləti Büyük Hun Devleti Batı Hun devleti Avrupa Hun Devleti Ak Hun devleti Göktürk Devleti Avar Devleti Ötüken Hazar devleti Uygur devleti Karahanlılar devleti Gazneniler devleti Büyük Selçulu devleti Harzemşahlar devleti Altınordu devleti Büyük Timur devleti Babür devleti Osmanlı devleti Harezmşahlar devleti

http://wn.com/Safavid_empire_*_Azerbaijan_-_turk_empire_|||_Safevi_-_devleti_*_Azerbaycan_-_türk_devleti

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The Safavid Empire

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Duration: 2:49
Updated: 03 Jun 2015

Global Studies I Project

http://wn.com/The_Safavid_Empire

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Ottomans vs Safavids - The Battle of Chaldiran In 1514

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Duration: 5:46
Updated: 11 May 2015

The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran (Persian: چالدران‎; Turkish: Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans gained immediate and permanent control over far eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq, as well as temporary control of northwestern Iran. The battle, however, was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war and merely one of the many phases of Ottoman-Persian Wars, that only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. The Ottomans generally had the upper hand, but the Persians for the most part held their ground. Safavid losses in Shia-dominated metropolitan regions of Persia, such as Luristan and Kermanshah, proved temporary, being eventually recovered from the Ottomans, but important Persian cities such as Tabriz were often the target of destructive Ottoman raids. An exception was Azerbaijan, which- though eventually taken back from the Ottomans, would centuries later be permanently lost to the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Mesopotamia (Iraq), as well as entire eastern Anatolia, would also be forever taken from traditional Iranian suzerainty centuries later. At Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better equipped army numbering 60,000 to 200,000, while the Qizilbash Turcomans numbered some 40,000 to 80,000. Shah Ismail I, who was wounded and almost captured in the battle, retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration after his wives were captured by Selim I, with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen. The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible, but it also fully defined the Ottoman-Safavid borders for a short time with the Ottomans gaining northwestern Iran, and led Kurdish chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans. After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Shia Qizilbash, who had sided with other members of the Dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by Bayezid II. Selim now feared that they would incite the population against his rule in favor of Shah Isma'il leader of the Shia Safavids, and by some of his supporters believed to be family of the Prophet. Selim secured a jurist opinion that described Isma'il and the Qizilbash as "unbelievers and heretics" enabling him to undertake extreme measures on his way eastward to pacify the country. In response, Shah Isma'il accused Sultan Selim of aggression against fellow Muslims, violating religious sexual rules and shedding innocent blood. When Selim started his march east, the Safavids were invaded in the east by the Uzbek state recently brought to prominence by Abu 'I-Fath Muhammad, who had fallen in battle against Isma'il only a few years before. To avoid the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts, Isma'il employed a scorched earth policy against Selim in the west. The terrain of eastern Anatolia and the Caucuses is extremely rough and combined with the difficulty in supplying the army in light of Isma'il's scorched earth campaign while marching against Muslims, Selim's army was discontented. The Janissaries even fired their muskets at the Sultan's tent in protest at one point. When Selim learned of the Safavid army forming at Chaldiran, he quickly moved to engage Isma'il in part to stifle the discontent of his army. The Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of Janissaries equipped with gunpowder weapons behind a barrier of carts. The Safavids used cavalry to engage the Ottoman forces. The Safavids attacked the Ottoman wings in an effort to avoid the Ottoman artillery positioned at the center. However, the Ottoman artillery was highly maneuverable and the Safavids suffered disastrous losses. The advanced Ottoman weaponry was the deciding factor of the battle as the Safavid forces, who only had traditional weaponry, were decimated. The Safavids also suffered from poor planning and ill-disciplined troops unlike the Ottomans. Aftermath Following their victory the Ottomans captured the Safavid capital city of Tabriz, which they first pillaged and then evacuated. The Ottoman Empire successfully secured permanent control over the far eastern part of Anatolia and also over northern Iraq, and temporary control over northwestern Iran. The Shia defeat at Chaldiran brought an end to the Shia uprisings in Ottoman Empire. After two of his wives were captured by Selim Ismail was heartbroken and resorted to drinking alcohol. Ismail did not participate in government affairs, as his aura of invincibility was shattered.

http://wn.com/Ottomans_vs_Safavids_-_The_Battle_of_Chaldiran_In_1514

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The Iranian Dynasties During The Modern Period

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Duration: 6:26
Updated: 10 May 2015

At the start of the 1500s, Shah Ismail I established the Safavid Dynasty in western Persia and Azerbaijan. He subsequently extended his authority over all of Persia, and established intermittent Persian hegemony over vast nearby regions which would last for many centuries onwards. Ismail instigated a forced conversion from Sunni to Shi'a Islam. The rivalry between Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Empire led to numerous Ottoman–Persian Wars. The Safavid era peaked in the reign of the brilliant soldier, statesman and administrator Shah Abbas I (1587–1629), surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength, and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts. The Safavid era also saw the start of the creation of new layers in Persian society, composed of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians, Circassians, Armenians, and other peoples of the Caucasus. Following a slow decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s by internal strife, royal intrigues, continuous wars between them and their Ottoman arch rivals, and foreign interference (most notably by the Russians) the Safavid dynasty was ended by Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722. In 1729, an Iranian Khorasan chieftain and military genius, Nader Shah, successfully drove out, then conquered the Pashtun invaders. During Nader Shah's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanian Empire, reestablishing Persian hegemony over all of the Caucasus, other major parts of West Asia, Central Asia and parts of South Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world. In 1738-39, he invaded India and sacked Delhi, bringing great loot back to Persia. Nader Shah's assassination sparked a brief period of civil war and turmoil, after which Karim Khan came to power in 1750, bringing a period of relative peace and prosperity. Another civil war ensued after Karim Khan's death in 1779, out of which Aga Muhammad Khan emerged victorious, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of their Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars sacked and ravaged Tblisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing Persian suzerainty over the region. However reestablishment of Persian control was short-lived, and the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Persia but substantial gains for the Russian Empire which took over the Caucasus (modern Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) from Iran as a result of the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. Apart from Agha Mohammad Khan rule, Qajar rule is characterised as a century of misrule. Around 1.5 million people, or 20–25% of Persia's population, died as a result of the Great Persian Famine of 1870–1871. Whilst resisting efforts to be colonised, Iran lost lands in the 1800s as a result of Russian and British empire-building, known as 'The Great Game', losing much of its territory in the Russo-Persian and the Anglo-Persian Wars. A series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser al-Din Shah and Mozaffar ad-Din Shah between 1872 and 1905, the last of which resulted in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and establishment of Iran's first national parliament in 1906, which was abolished in 1908. The struggle continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied northern Iran in 1911. During World War I, the British occupied much of western Iran, not fully withdrawing until 1921. In 1921, Reza Khan, Prime Minister of Iran and former general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, overthrew the Qajar Dynasty and became Shah. In 1941 he was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, after Iran came under British and Russian occupation following the Anglo-Soviet invasion that established the Persian Corridor and would last until 1946.

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Which Languages Did The Safavid Speak?

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Duration: 5:47
Updated: 07 May 2015

The Safavids by the time of their rise were Azerbaijani-speaking although they also used Persian as a second language. The language chiefly used by the Safavid court and military establishment was Azerbaijani. But the official language of the empire as well as the administrative language, language of correspondence, literature and historiography was Persian. The inscriptions on Safavid currency were also in Persian. Scene from Attar's The Conference of the Birds, by Habibulla Meshedi (1600). Safavids also used Persian as a cultural and administrative language throughout the empire and were bilingual in Persian. According to Arnold J. Toynbee, In the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of litterae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers According to John R. Perry, In the 16th century, the Turcophone Safavid family of Ardabil in Azerbaijan, probably of Turkicized Iranian, origin, conquered Iran and established Turkic, the language of the court and the military, as a high-status vernacular and a widespread contact language, influencing spoken Persian, while written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content. According to Zabiollah Safa, In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs. Prince Muhammad-Beik of Georgia by Reza Abbasi (1620) According to É. Á. Csató et al., A specific Turkic language was attested in Safavid Persia during the 16th and 17th centuries, a language that Europeans often called Persian Turkish ("Turc Agemi", "lingua turcica agemica"), which was a favourite language at the court and in the army because of the Turkic origins of the Safavid dynasty. The original name was just turki, and so a convenient name might be Turki-yi Acemi. This variety of Persian Turkish must have been also spoken in the Caucasian and Transcaucasian regions, which during the 16th century belonged to both the Ottomans and the Safavids, and were not fully integrated into the Safavid empire until 1606. Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian, it's not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language, both in linguistic and territorial respects. It was certainly not homogenous—maybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century. According to Rula Jurdi Abisaab, Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The 'Amili (Lebanese scholars of Shi'i faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shi'i belief. According to Cornelis Versteegh, The Safavid dynasty under Shah Ismail (961/1501) adopted Persian and the Shi'ite form of Islam as the national language and religion. Legacy It was the Safavids who made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shi'ism against the onslaughts of Sunni Islam, and the repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Iranianhood, acting as a bridge to modern Iran. The founder of the dynasty, Shah Isma'il, adopted the title of "Persian Emperor" Pādišah-ī Īrān, with its implicit notion of an Iranian state stretching from Khorasan as far as Euphrates, and from the Oxus to the southern Territories of the Persian Gulf

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Transforming Persia: Safavid Architecture

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Duration: 2:52
Updated: 07 May 2015

A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the Safavid dynasty. Economically robust and politically stable, this period saw a flourishing growth of theological sciences. Traditional architecture evolved in its patterns and methods leaving its impact on the architecture of the following periods. Indeed, one of the greatest legacies of the Safavids is the architecture. In 1598, when Shah Abbas decided to move the capital of his Persian empire from the north-western city of Qazvin to the central city of Isfahan, he initiated what would become one of the greatest programmes in Persian history; the complete remaking of the city. By choosing the central city of Isfahan, fertilized by the Zāyande roud ("The life-giving river"), lying as an oasis of intense cultivation in the midst of a vast area of arid landscape, he both distanced his capital from any future assaults by the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, and at the same time gained more control over the Persian Gulf, which had recently become an important trading route for the Dutch and British East India Companies. The Chief architect of this colossal task of urban planning was Shaykh Bahai (Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili), who focused the programme on two key features of Shah Abbas's master plan: the Chahar Bagh avenue, flanked at either side by all the prominent institutions of the city, such as the residences of all foreign dignitaries. And the Naqsh-e Jahan Square ("Examplar of the World"). Prior to the Shah's ascent to power, Persia had a decentralized power-structure, in which different institutions battled for power, including both the military (the Qizilbash) and governors of the different provinces making up the empire. Shah Abbas wanted to undermine this political structure, and the recreation of Isfahan, as a Grand capital of Persia, was an important step in centralizing the power.[168] The ingenuity of the square, or Maidān, was that, by building it, Shah Abbas would gather the three main components of power in Persia in his own backyard; the power of the clergy, represented by the Masjed-e Shah, the power of the merchants, represented by the Imperial Bazaar, and of course, the power of the Shah himself, residing in the Ali Qapu Palace. Distinctive monuments like the Sheikh Lotfallah (1618), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradise Palace) (1469) and the Chahar Bagh School(1714) appeared in Isfahan and other cities. This extensive development of architecture was rooted in Persian culture and took form in the design of schools, baths, houses, caravanserai and other urban spaces such as bazaars and squares. It continued until the end of the Qajar reign

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Cultural influences during Safavid Times

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Duration: 3:52
Updated: 07 May 2015

The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. There are extant Tati and Persian poetry from Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili as well as extant Persian poetry from Shaykh Sadr ad-din. Most of the extant poetry of Shah Ismail I is in Azerbaijani pen-name of Khatai. Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Esmail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only a few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Shah Tahmasp who has composed poetry in Persian was also a painter, while Shah Abbas II was known as a poet, writing Azerbaijani verses. Sam Mirza, the son of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his poetry in Persian. He also compiled an anthology of contemporary poetry. Culture within the empire Shah Abbas I recognized the commercial benefit of promoting the arts—artisan products provided much of Iran's foreign trade. In this period, handicrafts such as tile making, pottery and textiles developed and great advances were made in miniature painting, bookbinding, decoration and calligraphy. In the 16th century, carpet weaving evolved from a nomadic and peasant craft to a well-executed industry with specialization of design and manufacturing. Tabriz was the center of this industry. The carpets of Ardabil were commissioned to commemorate the Safavid dynasty. The elegantly baroque yet famously 'Polonaise' carpets were made in Iran during the 17th century. Using traditional forms and materials, Reza Abbasi (1565--1635) introduced new subjects to Persian painting—semi-nude women, youth, lovers. His painting and calligraphic style influenced Iranian artists for much of the Safavid period, which came to be known as the Isfahan school. Increased contact with distant cultures in the 17th century, especially Europe, provided a boost of inspiration to Iranian artists who adopted modeling, foreshortening, spatial recession, and the medium of oil painting (Shah Abbas II sent Muhammad Zaman to study in Rome). The epic Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), a stellar example of manuscript illumination and calligraphy, was made during Shah Tahmasp's reign. (This book was written by Ferdousi in 1000 AD for Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi) Another manuscript is the Khamsa by Nizami executed 1539-43 by Aqa Mirak and his school in Isfahan. Isfahan bears the most prominent samples of the Safavid architecture, all constructed in the years after Shah Abbas I permanently moved the capital there in 1598: the Imperial Mosque, Masjid-e Shah, completed in 1630, the Imam Mosque (Masjid-e Imami) the Lutfallah Mosque and the Royal Palace. According to William Cleveland and Martin Bunton, the establishment of Isfahan as the Great capital of Persia and the material splendor of the city attracted intellecutal's from all corners of the world, which contributed to the cities rich cultural life. The impressive achievements of its 400,000 residents prompted the inhabitants to coin their famous boast, "Isfahan is half the world". Poetry stagnated under the Safavids; the great medieval ghazal form languished in over-the-top lyricism. Poetry lacked the royal patronage of other arts and was hemmed in by religious prescriptions. The arguably most renowned historian from this time was Iskandar Beg Munshi. His History of Shah Abbas the Great written a few years after its subject's death, achieved a nuanced depth of history and character.

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What Was The Third Force Of The Safavid Empire?

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Duration: 2:28
Updated: 07 May 2015

From 1540 and onwards, Shah Tahmasp initiated a transformation of the society by slowly constructing a new branch within the aristocracy. The campaigns that he waged against Georgia between 1540 and 1554 were primarily meant to uphold the morale and the fighting efficiency of the qizilbash military, but they brought home large numbers (over 70,000) of Georgian, Circassian and Armenian slaves. The women (only Circassian and Georgian) came to occupy prominent positions in the harems of the Safavid elite, particularly the Shah's, while the men were given special training, on completion of which they were either enrolled in one of the newly created ghulam regiments, or employed in the royal household. His successor Ismail II brought another 30,000 Circassians and Georgians to Iran of which many joined the ghulam force, but it was under Shah Abbas who significantly enlargened this program and greatly expanded the ghulam military corps from a few hundred to 15,000 highly trained cavalrymen., as part of a whole army division of 40,000 Caucasian ghulams. He then went on to reduce the number of qizilbash provincial governorships and systematicly moved qizilbash governors to other districts, thus disrupting their ties with the local community, and reducing their power. Many were replaced by a ghulam, and within short time, Georgians, Circassians, and Armenians had been appointed to many of the highest offices of state. By 1595, Allahverdi Khan, a Georgian, became one of the most powerful men in the Safavid state, when he was appointed the Governor-General of Fars, one of the richest provinces in Persia. And his power reached its peak in 1598, when he became the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Thus, this new group eventually came to constitute a powerful "third force" within the state, alongside the Persians and the Qizilbash Turks, and it only goes to prove the meritocratic society of the Safavids. It is estimated that during Abbas' reign some 130,000-200,000 Georgians, tens of thousands of Circassians, and around 300,000 Armenians had been deported from the Caucasus to Persia's heartland, all obtaining functions and roles such as the highest of the state, or as simple farmers and peasantry.

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Safavid Empire's Role In Spreading Shia Beliefs In Iran

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Duration: 1:25
Updated: 07 May 2015

Even though Safavids were not the first Shia rulers in Iran, they played a crucial role in making Shia Islam the official religion in the whole of Iran. There were large Shia communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as the 8th century. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Buwayhids, who were of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia, ruled in Fars, Isfahan and Baghdad. As a result of the Mongol conquest and the relative religious tolerance of the Ilkhanids, Shia dynasties were re-established in Iran, Sarbedaran in Khorasan being the most important. The Ilkhanid ruler Öljaitü converted to Twelver Shiism in the 13th century. Following his conquest of Iran, Ismail I made conversion mandatory for the largely Sunni population. The Sunni Ulema or clergy were either killed or exiled. Ismail I, brought in mainstream Ithnā'ashariyyah Shi'a religious leaders and granted them land and money in return for loyalty. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the Shia Ulema's power increased and they were able to exercise a role, independent of or compatible with the government. Iran became a feudal theocracy: the Shah was held to be the divinely ordained head of state and religion. In the following centuries, this religious stance cemented both Iran's internal cohesion and national feelings and provoked attacks by its Sunni neighbors.

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Events Leading To The Decline Of The Safavid Empire

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Duration: 4:34
Updated: 07 May 2015

In addition to fighting its perennial enemies, their arch rival the Ottomans and the Uzbeks as the 17th century progressed, Iran had to contend with the rise of new neighbors. Russian Muscovy in the previous century had deposed two western Asian khanates of the Golden Horde and expanded its influence into Europe, the Caucasus Mountains and Central Asia. In the far eastern territories, the Mughals of India had expanded into Khorasan (now Afghanistan) at the expense of Iranian control, briefly taking Qandahar. More importantly, the Dutch East India company and later English/British used their superior means of maritime violence to control trade routes in the western Indian ocean. As a result, Iran was cut off from overseas links to East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and South Asia. But overland trade between Iran and South Asia grew. Many Indian merchants established a permanent presence in Iran and moved into Russia from the mid-seventeenth century. Iran was also able to further develop its overland trade with North and Central Europe during the second half of the seventeenth century. In the late seventeenth century, Iranian merchants established a permanent presence as far north as Narva on the Baltic sea, in what now is Estonia. The Dutch and English were still able to drain the Iranian government of much of its precious metal supplies. Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were therefore rendered ineffectual, and the Iranian government declined and finally collapsed when a serious military threat emerged on its eastern border in the early eighteenth century. The end of the reign of Abbas II, 1666, thus marked the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. Despite falling revenues and military threats, later shahs had lavish lifestyles. Sultan Husayn (1694--1722) in particular was known for his love of wine and disinterest in governance. The country was repeatedly raided on its frontiers—Kerman by Baloch tribes in 1698, Khorasan by the Hotakis in 1717, constantly in Mesopotamia by peninsula Arabs. Sultan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in Qandahar from Sunni to the Shi'a sect of Islam. In response, a Ghilzai Afghan chieftain named Mir Wais Hotak revolted and killed Gurgin Khan, the Safavid governor of the region, along with his army. In 1722, an Afghan army led by Mir Wais' son Mahmud advanced on the heart of the empire and defeated the government forces at the Battle of Gulnabad. He then besieged the capital of Isfahan, until Shah Sultan Husayn abdicated and acknowledged him as the new king of Persia. The tribal Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for seven years but were prevented from making further gains by Nader Shah, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan, a vassal state of the Safavids. Quickly making name as a military genius both feared and respected amongst its friends and enemies (including Persia's arch rival the Ottoman Empire, and Russia; both empires Nader would deal with soon afterwards), Nader Shah easily defeated the Ghilzai Hotaki forces in the 1729 Battle of Damghan. He had removed them from power and banished them out of Persia, and in 1738 conquered their last stronghold in Qandahar; in the same year, in need of fortune to aid his military careers against his Ottoman and Russian imperial rivals, he started his invasion of the wealthy but weak Mughal Empire, occupying Ghazni, Kabul, Lahore, and as far as Delhi, in India, when he completely humiliated and looted the military inferior Mughals. These cities were later inherited by his Abdali Afghan military commander, Ahmad Shah Durrani. Nadir had effective control under Shah Tahmasp II and then ruled as regent of the infant Abbas III until 1736 when he had himself crowned shah. Immediately after Nadir Shah's assassination in 1747, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. However the brief puppet regime of Ismail III ended in 1760 when Karim Khan felt strong enough to take nominal power of the country as well and officially end the Safavid dynasty.

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Why Did The Safavid Empire Ally With The Mughal Empire?

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Duration: 1:19
Updated: 07 May 2015

Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, another Muslim society was developing in South-Asia. The Mughal Empire, which ruled a largely Hindu population, adhered to Sunni Islam. But a common foe, in the Uzbeks, would eventually lead the two empires closer together. During the reign of Tahmasp, Shah Humayun of Mughal Hindustan found himself in a desperate situation, with devastating wars being fought against the Afghans and the Uzbeks and Humayuns brother, Kamran, attempting a coup d'état. Having to flee from city to city, Humayun eventually sought refuge at the court of Tahmasp. Tahmasp, who refused to hand him over to his brother, greeted Humayun at his court in Qazvin as the true emperor of the Mughal dynasty, despite the fact that Humayun had been living in exile for more than fifteen years. After converting to Shia Islam, Tahmasp offered him military assistans to fight off the revolts in return for Kandahar, which had for long been a battle ground between the two empires, and a combined Persian-Mughal force managed to seize Kandahar and occupy Kabul. This eventually led to strong ties between the Safavids and the Mughals, and they persisted, almost unabated, throughout the history of the Safavid dynasty.

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How Did Shāh Tahmāsp Rule The Safavid Empire?

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Duration: 1:16
Updated: 07 May 2015

Shāh Tahmāsp, the young governor of Herat, succeeded his father Ismāil in 1524, when he was ten years and three months old. He was the ward of the powerful Qizilbash amir Ali Beg Rūmlū (titled "Div Soltān") who saw himself as the de facto ruler of the state. The qizilbash, which still suffered under the legacy of the battle of Chaldiran, was engulfed in internal rivalries. The low morale within the military, and the decentralized structure of the government, with much power in the hands of local governors, eventually led to 10 years of civil war. Rival Qizilbāsh factions fought amongst themselves for the control of the empire until Shāh Tahmāsp came of age and reasserted his authority. Tahmasp reigned for 52 years, the longest reign in Safavid history. The Uzbeks, during the reign of Tahmāsp, attacked the eastern provinces of the kingdom five times and the Ottomans under Soleymān I initiated four invasions of Persia. Losing territory in Iraq and the north-west, Tahmāsp realized that his capital was not secure, and he was forced to move the capital from Tabriz to Qazvin. Tahmasp made the Peace of Amasya with the Ottomans in 1555, ending the war during his life.

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How The Ottomans And Safavids Became Rivals

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Duration: 2:29
Updated: 07 May 2015

More problematic for the Safavids was the powerful Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, considered the active recruitment of Turkmen tribes of Anatolia for the Safavid cause as a major threat. To counter the rising Safavid power, in 1502, Sultan Bayezid II forcefully deported many Shi'as from Anatolia to other parts of the Ottoman realm. In 1514, Bayezid's son, Sultan Selim I marched through Anatolia and reached the plain of Chaldiran near the city of Khoy, and a decisive battle was fought there (Battle of Chaldiran). Most sources agree that the Ottoman army was at least double the size of that of Ismāil; however, what gave the Ottomans the advantage was the artillery which the Safavid army lacked. According to R. M. Savory, "Salim's plan was to winter at Tabriz and complete the conquest of Persia the following spring. However, a mutiny among his officers who refused to spend the winter at Tabriz forced him to withdraw across territory laid waste by the Safavid forces, eight days later". Although Ismāil was defeated and his capital was captured, the Safavid empire survived. The war between the two powers continued under Ismāil's son, Shāh Tahmāsp I (q.v.), and the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I, until Shāh Abbās (q.v.) retook the area lost to the Ottomans by 1602. The consequences of the defeat at Chaldiran were also psychological for Ismāil: the defeat destroyed Ismāil's belief in his invincibility, based on his claimed divine status. His relationships with his Qizilbāsh followers were also fundamentally altered. The tribal rivalries between the Qizilbāsh, which temporarily ceased before the defeat at Chaldiran, resurfaced in intense form immediately after the death of Ismāil, and led to ten years of civil war (930-40/1524-33) until Shāh Tahmāsp regained control of the affairs of the state. Early Safavid power in Iran was based on the military power of the Qizilbāsh. Ismāil exploited the first element to seize power in Iran. But eschewing politics after his defeat in Chaldiran, he left the affairs of the government to the office of the Wakīl (q.v.). Ismāil's successors, and most ostensibly Shāh Abbās I successfully diminished the Qizilbāsh's influence on the affairs of the state.

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How did Safavid Shāh Ismāil I Seize The Power In Persia?

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Duration: 3:24
Updated: 07 May 2015

The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 by Shāh Ismāil I. Shah Ismail's background is disputed: the language he used is not identical with that of his "race" or "nationality" and he was bilingual from birth. Some scholars argue that Ismāil was of mixed Azeri, Kurdish, and Pontic Greek descent, although others argue that he was non-Azeri and was a direct descendant of Kurdish mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din. As such, he was the last in the line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyeh order, prior to its ascent to a ruling dynasty. Ismāil was known as a brave and charismatic youth, zealous with regards to his Shi'a faith, and believed himself to be of divine descent—practically worshipped by his Qizilbāsh followers. In 1500, Ismāil invaded neighboring Shirvan to avenge the death of his father, Sheik Haydar, who had been murdered in 1488 by the ruling Shirvanshah, Farrukh Yassar. Afterwards, Ismail went on a conquest campaign, capturing Tabriz in July 1501, where he enthroned himself the Shāh of Azerbaijan, proclaimed himself Shahanshah of Iran and minted coins in his name, proclaiming Shi'ism the official religion of his domain. The establishment of Shi'ism as the state religion led to various Sufi orders openly declaring their Shi'i position, and others, to promptly assume Shi'ism. Among these, the founder of one of the most successful Sufi orders, Ni'matullah (d. 1431) traced his descent from the Ismaili Imam Muhammad b. Ismail, as evidenced in a poem as well as another unpublished literary composition. Though Nimatullah was apparently Sunni, the Ni'matullahi order soon declared his order to be Shi'I after the rise of the Safavid dynasty. Although Ismail I initially gained mastery over Azerbaijan alone, the Safavids ultimately won the struggle for power in all of Persia which had been going on for nearly a century between various dynasties and political forces. A year after his victory in Tabriz, Ismāil claimed most of Persia as part of his territory, and within 10 years established a complete control over all of it. Ismail followed the line of Iranian and Turkmen rulers prior to him by assumption of the title "Padishah-i-Iran", previously held by Uzun Hasan and many other Iranian kings. The Ottoman sultans addressed him as the king of Persian lands and the heir to Jamshid and Kai Khosrow. Hamadan fell under his power in 1503, Shiraz and Kerman in 1504, Diyarbakir, Najaf, and Karbala in 1507, Van in 1508, Shirvan and Baghdad in 1509, and Herat, as well as other parts of Khorasan, in 1510. By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east, led by their Khan Muhammad Shaybāni, were driven far to the north, across the Oxus River where they continued to attack the Safavids. Ismail's decisive victory over the Uzbeks, who had occupied most of Khorasan, ensured Iran's eastern borders, and the Uzbeks never since expanded beyond the Hindukush. Although the Uzbeks continued to make occasional raids to Khorasan, the Safavid empire was able to keep them at bay throughout its reign.

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Where Does The Safavid Empire Come From?

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Duration: 3:37
Updated: 07 May 2015

Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252--1334). In 700/1301, Safi al-Din assumed the leadership of the Zahediyeh, a significant Sufi order in Gilan, from his spiritual master and father-in-law Zahed Gilani. Due to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al-Din, the order was later known as the Safaviyya. The Safavid order soon gained great influence in the city of Ardabil and Hamdullah Mustaufi noted that most of the people of Ardabil were followers of Safi al-Din. Extant religious poetry from him, written in the Old Azari language—a now-extinct Northwestern Iranian language—and accompanied by a paraphrase in Persian which helps their understanding, has survived to this day and has linguistic importance. After Safī al-Dīn, the leadership of the Safaviyya passed onto Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā († 794/1391--92). The order at this time was transformed into a religious movement which conducted religious propaganda throughout Persia, Syria and Asia Minor, and most likely had maintained its Sunni Shafi'ite origin at that time. The leadership of the order passed on from Sadr ud-Dīn Mūsā to his son Khwādja Ali († 1429) and in turn to his son Ibrāhīm († 1429--47). When Shaykh Junayd, the son of Ibrāhim, assumed the leadership of the Safaviyya in 1447, the history of the Safavid movement was radically changed. According to R.M. Savory, "'Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power'". At that time, the most powerful dynasty in Persia was that of the Kara Koyunlu, the "Black Sheep", whose ruler Jahan Shah ordered Junāyd to leave Ardabil or else he would bring destruction and ruin upon the city. Junayd sought refuge with the rival of Kara Koyunlu Jahan Shah, the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) Khan Uzun Hassan, and cemented his relationship by marrying Uzun Hassan's sister, Khadija Begum. Junayd was killed during an incursion into the territories of the Shirvanshah and was succeeded by his son Haydar Safavi. Haydar married Martha 'Alamshah Begom, Uzun Hassan's daughter, who gave birth to Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty. Martha's mother Theodora—better known as Despina Khatun[48]—was a Pontic Greek princess, the daughter of the Grand Komnenos John IV of Trebizond. She had been married to Uzun Hassan in exchange for protection of the Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans. After Uzun Hassan's death, his son Ya'qub felt threatened by the growing Safavid religious influence. Ya'qub allied himself with the Shirvanshah and killed Haydar in 1488. By this time, the bulk of the Safaviyya were nomadic Oghuz Turkic-speaking clans from Asia Minor and Azerbaijan and were known as Qizilbash "Red Heads" because of their distinct red headgear. The Qizilbash were warriors, spiritual followers of Haydar, and a source of the Safavid military and political power. After the death of Haydar, the Safaviyya gathered around his son Ali Mirza Safavi, who was also pursued and subsequently killed by Ya'qub. According to official Safavid history, before passing away, Ali had designated his young brother Ismail as the spiritual leader of the Safaviyya.

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The Safavid Dynasty - The Rise Of Modern Persian History

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Duration: 2:10
Updated: 07 May 2015

The Safavid dynasty (Persian: سلسلهٔ صفويان‎; Azerbaijani: Səfəvilər, صفویلر) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia (modern Iran), and "is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history". They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and, at their height, they controlled all of modern Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along with its neighbours, its arch rival the Ottoman Empire, and Mughal Empire. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safaviyya Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region. It was of mixed ancestry (Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Persian, and Turkmen which included intermarriages with Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries). From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over all of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanid Empire to establish a unified Iranian state. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by spreading Shi'a Islam in Iran, as well as major parts of the Caucasus, Anatolia, Central Asia, and South Asia.

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Sultan Suleyman The Magnificent Turning His Attention To Iran

Order: Reorder
Duration: 2:27
Updated: 02 May 2015

As Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers, he now turned his attention to the ever present threat posed by the Shi'a Safavid dynasty of Persia. Two events in particular were to precipitate a recurrence of tensions. First, Shah Tahmasp had the Baghdad governor loyal to Suleiman killed and replaced with an adherent of the Shah, and second, the governor of Bitlis had defected and sworn allegiance to the Safavids. As a result, in 1533, Suleiman ordered his Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead an army into eastern Asia Minor where he retook Bitlis and occupied Tabriz without resistance. Having joined Ibrahim in 1534, Suleiman made a push towards Persia, only to find the Shah sacrificing territory instead of facing a pitched battle, resorting to harassment of the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior. When in the following year Suleiman and Ibrahim made a grand entrance into Baghdad, its commander surrendered the city, thereby confirming Suleiman as the leader of the Islamic world and the legitimate successor to the Abbasid Caliphs. Attempting to defeat the Shah once and for all, Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548--1549. As in the previous attempt, Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Ottoman army and instead chose to retreat, using scorched earth tactics in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to the harsh winter of the Caucasus. Suleiman abandoned the campaign with temporary Ottoman gains in Tabriz and the Urmia region, a lasting presence in the province of Van, and some forts in Georgia. In 1553 Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah. Having initially lost territories in Erzurum to the Shah's son, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper Euphrates and laying waste to parts of Persia. The Shah's army continued its strategy of avoiding the Ottomans, leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain. In 1554, a settlement was signed which was to conclude Suleiman's Asian campaigns. It included the return of Tabriz, but secured Baghdad, lower Mesopotamia, the mouths of the river Euphrates and Tigris, as well as part of the Persian Gulf. The Shah also promised to cease all raids into Ottoman territory.

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Sah Hatayi - Ismail I

Order: Reorder
Duration: 6:00
Updated: 28 Apr 2015

Ismail I, (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil, (Persian: شاه اسماعیل‎; full name: Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī), was Shah of Iran (Persia)(1501)[1][2] and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign in Iranian Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, a Twelver Shia militant religious order, and unified all of Iran by 1509.[3] Born in Ardabil, Iranian Azerbaijan, he was the king (shah) of the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1524. The dynasty founded by Ismail I would rule for over two centuries, being one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia and at its height being amongst the most powerful empires of its time, ruling all of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of modern day Syria, Turkey, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan at their height.[4][5][6][7] it also reasserted the Iranian identity in Greater Iran,[8] The legacy of the Safavid Empire was also the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy, their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. Ismail played a key role in the rise of Twelver Islam; he converted Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant.[9] In Alevism, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide. Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name Khatā'ī (which means "sinner" in Arabic) contributed greatly to the literary development of the Azerbaijani language.[10] He also contributed to Persian literature, though few of his Persian writings are still in existence

http://wn.com/Sah_Hatayi_-_Ismail_I

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Safavid Empire Project Mr Brezicki 1b

Order: Reorder
Duration: 3:00
Updated: 21 Apr 2015

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The Legacy Of The Safavid Empire

Order: Reorder
Duration: 1:33
Updated: 10 Apr 2015

It was the Safavids who made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shi’ism against the onslaughts of Sunni Islam, and the repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Iranianhood, acting as a bridge to modern Iran. The founder of the dynasty, Shah Isma'il, adopted the title of "Persian Emperor" Pādišah-ī Īrān, with its implicit notion of an Iranian state stretching from Khorasan as far as Euphrates, and from the Oxus to the southern Territories of the Persian Gulf. According to Professor Roger Savory: In a number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of mujtahids. The Safavids thus set in train a struggle for power between the turban and the crown that is to say, between the proponents of secular government and the proponents of a theocratic government; third, they laid the foundation of alliance between the religious classes ('Ulama') and the bazaar which played an important role both in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1906, and again in the Islamic Revolution of 1979; fourth the policies introduced by Shah Abbas I conduced to a more centralized administrative system.

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photo: Public Domain

Kevin Russell, Ex-Leadsinger of Böhse Onkelz.

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Es geht um Millionen | Steuerfahndung jagt „Böhse Onkelz“-Sänger

Bild

04 Aug 2015

Der 51-Jährige soll Steuern in Millionenhöhe hinterzogen haben. Staatsanwaltschaft und Steuerfahndung Mannheim ermitteln....

photo: via YouTube

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Abandoned newborn baby rescued from toilet pipe in China after cries heard

The Guardian

04 Aug 2015

Little girl discovered head down in the pipe of a public toilet in western Beijing. A newborn baby girl is recovering in hospital after being found dumped inside a toilet in western Beijing. Residents discovered the baby – one of an estimated 10,000 children abandoned each year in China – trapped in a pipe under a lavatory after hearing her crying ... ....

photo: AP / Donald Traill

FILE- In this Oct. 22, 2012, file photo, singer Cissy Houston and her granddaughter Bobbi Kristina Brown attend the premiere party for "The Houstons On Our Own" at the Tribeca Grand hotel in New York.

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Bobbi Kristina -- Death Photo Sold

TMZ

03 Aug 2015

Bobbi Kristina. Death Photo Sold. about a minute ago BY TMZ STAFF ... and TMZ has learned the bidding soared into the six figures. ... ....

photo: AP / Claude Paris

A DPD Geopost prototype drone files carrying a parcel flies during a test flight in Pourrieres, southern France, June 23, 2015.

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Drone drops drugs in prison yard, spurring inmate fight

New York Post

04 Aug 2015

MANSFIELD, Ohio — A drone dropped a package of drugs into a prison yard while inmates were outside, sparking a fight, prison officials said. The package was dropped July 29 at the Mansfield Correctional Institution, about 65 miles southwest of Cleveland ... They used pepper spray to control the fight ... ....

photo: AP / Jim Cole

Republican presidential candidates gather on stage before a forum Monday, Aug. 3, 2015, in Manchester, N.H. From left: former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, retired neurosurgeon Ben Carson, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, businesswoman Carly Fiorina, and Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C.

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Debate field is set: Trump, Bush in; Santorum, Fiorina out

The Associated Press

04 Aug 2015

CLEVELAND (AP) -- Billionaire businessman Donald Trump has scored the top spot for Thursday night's leadoff debate of the 2016 presidential race, joined by former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker and seven other Republican contenders who made the campaign's first cut. Seven others will be excluded, including former technology executive Carly Fiorina and former Texas Gov ... Scott Walker, Texas Sen. Ted Cruz, Kentucky Sen ... ....

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The city that's 'half the world'

China Daily

25 May 2015

"Esfahan," an admiring French poet once declared, echoing a local saying, "is half the world." ... It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when Abbas made it Persia's capital for the second time ... ....

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Take it to the bridge: the Tehran architect striking the right chord in Iran and beyond

The Guardian

20 Apr 2015

Leila Araghian was 26 when she came up with Tabiat bridge. Five years on, the 270-metre structure is a reality, despite sanctions, garnering awards and paving the way for a new, more avant garde generation of Iranian designers ... Photograph ... Isfahan, Iran’s top tourist destination and a former capital of Persia, boasts two spectacular bridges from the 16th century Safavid dynasty when the city was at the centre of Islamic art and culture....

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Sunni v Shia: why the conflict is more political than religious

The Guardian

05 Apr 2015

Across the Middle East, sectarianism has always been linked to the battle for power, resources and territory. A Shia supporter shouts slogans during a Hezbollah meeting in Beirut ... Related ... In Bahrain, the Sunni Al Khalifa dynasty rules over a Shia majority denied its rightful place in the system, but Manama blames Tehran for fomenting unrest ... Iranians are scorned as “Safawis”, a pejorative reference to the 16th-century Safavid dynasty ... ....

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Skateboarding in Iran

Press TV

09 Mar 2015

... to spend a day at a historic caravanserai dating back to some 400 years ago when Safavid dynasty was ruling over Iran....

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Iran's window of influence in Yemen is getting bigger

Business Insider

02 Feb 2015

After Ali was assassinated in the seventh century, the Umayyad Dynasty arose and separated religious authority from political authority ... This view persisted during the Safavid dynasty, which established Shia Islam as the official religion of the area that would become modern Iran....

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Islamic State and the Internationalization of the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars>

Huffington Post

25 Jan 2015

The rise of the Safavid dynasty in Persia, today's Iran, in 1501, led to the establishment of the Shia branch of Islam as the official religion of the Safavid-Persian Empire. The Safavid dynasty was not the first Shia ruler of Persia, nor was it the first Shia ruler in the Muslim world ... Iran, which had emerged from the Qajar dynasty of the historic Persian Empire, had under the Pahlavi dynasty styled itself a modern secular state....

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‘History of Persian Literature’ published in Istanbul

Press TV

20 Jan 2015

In its second chapter, the book reviews the evolution of the Persian literature in post-Islamic era, which led to its ultimate parade during Tahirid and Safavid dynasties, and, particularly, Samanid Empire, which was the birthplace of Rudaki, the father of modern Persian poetry ... MM/KA/SS. ....

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My Journey to Isfahan, The City That Is 'Half of the World'>

Huffington Post

12 Jan 2015

The car ride from the airport to Isfahan, the ancient capital of the great Safavid dynasty and in its time one of the largest cities in the world, took about four hours ... Isfahan, a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site, was first mentioned in 2700-1600 BCE during the Elamite civilization but reached its peak in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty....

photo: US Army / Spc. Richard Del Vecchio

File - An Iraqi Army Soldier poses for a picture with his weapon while out on a mission in Mahmudiyah, Iraq, on March 30th, 2008.

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The crisis in Iraq: Was the rise of ISIL a surprise?

Al Jazeera

25 Dec 2014

The fall of Mosul and the quick territorial expansion of ISIL in Iraq took some by surprise. What contributed to ISIL's quick success was cooperation from local Sunni tribes and members of the traditionally secular and nationalist Baath party. This seemingly counterintuitive alliance has its rationale and deep roots in history ... Safawiya comes from the name of the Safavid dynasty that ruled Persia between the 16th and 18th centuries ... ....

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On the road with Neil MacGregor, the man who uses culture to win friends

The Guardian

07 Dec 2014

The British Museum’s director is adept at forging links where politicians have failed. As Russia’s Hermitage gains from his latest negotiations over the Parthenon marbles, one BBC journalist recalls watching past triumphs unfold ... Photograph. Dmitry Lovetsky/AP. John Wilson ... The British Museum exhibition would reveal how the roots of modern Shia Iran can be traced back to the reign of the greatest leader of the Safavid dynasty ... Topics ... ....

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November 24, 2014 Research Director Patrick Clawson Wins Iran Book Prize (Washington Institute)

noodls

24 Nov 2014

(Source. Washington Institute). Also available in ... WASHINGTON , D.C ... From the Safavids to the Qajars, which he co-wrote with Dr. Rudi Matthee and Dr. Willem Floor ... Dr ... Dr. Clawson's award-winning book is the first detailed study of Iran's monetary history from the advent of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 to the end of Qajar rule in 1925 ... Willem Floor is an independent scholar specializing in the history of Iran in the Safavid and modern ages....

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Meeting the last masters of alam, a dying art

The Guardian

04 Nov 2014

Photograph. Tehran Bureau ... Others date its creation to Safavid dynasty (AD1501-1736), when Shia Islamic art flourished ... Others date the alam to the Safavid dynasty (AD1501-1736), which ushered in a wave of vibrant Shia Islamic art. Isfahan, the Safavid capital, is the city best known for alam creations and many alam masters have lived there, including during the Safavid era of Haj Taher, who many believe took the art to its highest form....

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Foreign expert lauds Iranian hand-woven carpets

Irna

27 Aug 2014

Speaking at Kashan University on Tuesday, Peter Robert John Ford, the director of Jim Ford Carpets Limited, said Kashan’s hand-woven carpet enjoys worldwide reputation. He added Iranian hand-woven carpets are very attractive in design and pattern ... Chitsazian added that during the Safavid Dynasty the art flourished and many silk hand-woven carpets were made. Since 1997, the art has been taught in Kashan University....

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