Wikimedia Foundation

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"Wikimedia" redirects here. It is not to be confused with MediaWiki or Wikimedia Commons.

Coordinates: 37°47′13″N 122°23′59″W / 37.78697°N 122.399677°W / 37.78697; -122.399677

Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Wikimedia Foundation RGB logo with text.svg
Logo of the Wikimedia Foundation
Founded St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.
June 20, 2003 (2003-06-20)
Founder Jimmy Wales
Type 501(c)(3) charitable organization
Focus Free, open-content, wiki-based Internet projects
Location
Area served
 Worldwide
Method Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikisource, Wikimedia Commons, Wikispecies, Wikinews, Wikiversity, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, Wikimedia Incubator and Meta-Wiki
Key people
 Jan-Bart de Vreede, chair of the board[1]
Lila Tretikov, Executive Director
Revenue
 Increase US$48.6 million[2]
Expenses negative increase $35.7 million[2]
Employees
 around 250 staff and contractors (as of March 2015)[3]
Volunteers
 350,000 (2005)[4]
Website wikimediafoundation.org

The Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) is an American non-profit and charitable organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, that operates many wikis. The foundation is mostly known for hosting Wikipedia, an Internet encyclopedia which ranks in the top-ten most-visited websites worldwide;[5] as well as Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikisource, Wikimedia Commons, Wikispecies, Wikinews, Wikiversity, WikiData, Wikivoyage, Wikimedia Incubator, and Meta-Wiki. It also owned the now-defunct Nupedia.

The organization was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Wikipedia, as a way to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects through non-profit means.[6][7]

As of 2015, the foundation employs around 250 people, with annual revenues in excess of US$50 million.[8] Lila Tretikov leads the foundation as its executive director, while Jan-Bart de Vreede serves as chairman of the board.

Goal[edit]

The Wikimedia Foundation falls under section 501(c)(3) of the US Internal Revenue Code as a public charity. Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 (Adult, Continuing education).[9][10] The foundation's by-laws declare a statement of purpose of collecting and developing educational content and to disseminate it effectively and globally.[11]

The Wikimedia Foundation's stated goal is to develop and maintain open content, wiki-based projects and to provide the full contents of those projects to the public free of charge.[12]

History[edit]

In 2001, Jimmy Wales, an Internet entrepreneur, and Larry Sanger, a software developer, founded Wikipedia, an Internet encyclopedia. The project was originally funded by Bomis, Wales' for-profit business. As Wikipedia's popularity skyrocketed, revenues to fund the project stalled.[6] Since Wikipedia was depleting Bomis' resources, Wales and Sanger thought of a charity model to fund the project.[6] The Wikimedia Foundation was then created from Wikipedia and Nupedia on June 20, 2003.[7] It applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office to trademark Wikipedia on September 17, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded by Japan on December 16, 2004, and, in the European Union, on January 20, 2005. There were plans to license the use of the Wikipedia trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.[13]

In April 2005, the US Internal Revenue Service approved the foundation as an educational foundation in the category "Adult, Continuing education", meaning all contributions to the foundation are tax-deductible for US federal income tax purposes.

On December 11, 2006, the Foundation's board noted that the corporation could not become the membership organization initially planned but never implemented due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. Accordingly, the by-laws were amended to remove all reference to membership rights and activities. The decision to change the bylaws was passed by the board unanimously.[14]

On September 25, 2007, the foundation's board gave notice that the operations would be moving to the San Francisco Bay Area. Major considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel than is available from St. Petersburg, Florida.[15][16][17]

The one billionth edit to a Wikimedia project took place on April 16, 2010.[18]

Projects and initiatives[edit]

Wikimedia projects[edit]

Main article: Wikimedia projects

In addition to Wikipedia, the foundation operates other wikis that follow the free content model with their main goal being the dissemination of knowledge. These include:

Wikibooks logo Name: Wikibooks
Description: collection of textbooks
Website: www.wikibooks.org		 Wikinews logo Name: Wikinews
Description: online newspaper
Website: www.wikinews.org		 Wikispecies logo Name: Wikispecies
Description: taxonomic catalogue of species
Website: species.wikimedia.org
Wikidata logo Name: Wikidata
Description: knowledge base
Website: www.wikidata.org		 Wikipedia logo Name: Wikipedia
Description: online encyclopedia
Website: www.wikipedia.org		 Wikiversity logo Name: Wikiversity
Description: collection of tutorials and courses, while also serving as a hosting point to coordinate research.
Website: www.wikiversity.org
Wikimedia Commons logo Name: Wikimedia Commons
Description: repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media.
Website: commons.wikimedia.org		 Wikiquote logo Name: Wikiquote
Description: collection of quotations
Website: www.wikiquote.org		 Wikivoyage logo Name: Wikivoyage
Description: travel guide
Website: www.wikivoyage.org
Wikimedia Meta logo Name: Meta-Wiki
Description: central site to coordinate all Wikimedia projects.
Website: meta.wikimedia.org		 Wikisource logo Name: Wikisource
Description: digital library
Website: www.wikisource.org		 Wiktionary logo Name: Wiktionary
Description: online dictionary and thesaurus
Website: www.wiktionary.org

Chapters[edit]

(dark blue) are existing chapters. (dark turquoise) indicates a chapter has been board approved but not yet founded. (green) indicates a chapter is in the planning stages. (light blue) indicates a chapter in discussion.
Main article: List of Wikimedia chapters

Wikimedia chapters are national (or in some cases sub-national) not-for-profit organisations created to support and promote the Wikimedia projects locally.[19] The chapters are independent of the Wikimedia Foundation, with no legal control of nor responsibility for the Wikimedia projects. The organizations are recognized and overseen by a Chapters Committee; following approval they enter into a "Chapters Agreement" with the foundation.[20][21] As of April 2012, there were 39 recognized Wikimedia chapters.[22]

Wikimania[edit]

Main article: Wikimania

Each year, an international conference called Wikimania brings the people together who are involved in the Wikimedia organizations and projects. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt, Germany, in 2005. Nowadays, Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the national chapter, in collaboration with the Wikimedia Foundation. In 2013, Wikimania took place in Hong Kong.[23] In 2014, Wikimania took place in London.[24]

Strategic plan[edit]

Video explaining the Wikimedia Strategic Plan
Executive director Lila Tretikov, 2014

In response to the growing size and popularity of Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation announced a Strategic Plan to improve and sustain the Wikimedia movement. The plan was announced in July 2009, followed by a process of interviews and surveys with people from across the Wikimedia movement, including board of trustees, members of staff and volunteer editors.[25] The ongoing plan was intended to be the basis of a five-year plan to further outreach, improve content quality and quality control, and optimising operational areas such as finance and infrastructure.[26]

Wikipedia Usability Initiative[edit]

In December 2008, the Wikimedia Foundation announced a restricted donation grant of $890,000 from the Stanton Foundation, to improve Wikipedia's accessibility.[27] Later named the Wikipedia Usability Initiative, the grant was used by the Wikimedia Foundation to appoint project-specific staff to the technology department.[28]

A series of surveys were conducted throughout 2009. This began with a qualitative environment survey on MediaWiki extensions, followed by a Qualitative Statistical Survey focusing on volume of edits, number of new users, and related statistics. In March 2009, a usability and experience study was carried out on new and non-editors of the English Wikipedia. The aim was to discover what obstacles participants encountered while editing Wikipedia, ranging from small changes to more complicated syntax such as templates. The study recruited 2500 people for in-person laboratory testing via the Wikipedia website, which was filtered down to ten participants. The results were collated and used by the technology team to improve Wikipedia's usability.[29] The Usability and Experience Study was followed up by the Usability, Experience and Progress Study in September 2009. This study recruited different new and non-editors for in-person trials on a new Wikipedia skin.[30]

The initiative ultimately culminated in a new Wikipedia skin named Vector, constructed based on the results of the usability studies. This was introduced by default in stages, beginning in May 2010.[31]

Public Policy Initiative[edit]

In May 2010, the Wikimedia Foundation announced the Public Policy Initiative, following a $1.2 million donation by the Stanton Foundation. The Initiative was set up to improve articles relating to public policy–related issues.[32] As part of the initiative, Wikipedia collaborated with ten universities to help students and professors create and maintain articles relating to public policy.[33] Volunteer editors of Wikipedia, known as "ambassadors", provided assistance to students and professors. This was either done on campus sites or online.[34]

Technology[edit]

The foundation employs technology including hardware and software to run its projects.

Hardware[edit]

Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers. Twenty database servers talk to hundreds of Apache servers in the backend; Apaches talk to fifty squids in the frontend.
Overview of system architecture, December 2010. See server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.
Wikimedia Foundation servers

Wikimedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers (mainly Ubuntu),.[35][36] As of December 2009, there were 300 in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam.[37] Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers in Florida.[citation needed] This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers.

Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000-page requests per second, depending on the time of day.[38] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid-caching servers.[39] Further statistics are available based on a publicly available 3-months Wikipedia access trace.[40] Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.

Softwаrе[edit]

See also: MediaWiki and VisualEditor

The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database.[41] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed[42] to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, a Lucene extension[43][44] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Currently Lucene Search 2.1,[45] which is written in Java and based on Lucene library 2.3,[46] is used. Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM[47] and WordPress.[48]

The Foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user friendly features.[49]

Finances[edit]

In general[edit]

See also: wmf:Financial reports
Financial development of the Wikimedia Foundation, 2003 - 2013
  Support and Revenue
  Expenses
  Net assets at year-end
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Financial Statements

The Wikimedia Foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.[50] It is exempt from federal income tax[50][51] and from state income tax.[50][52] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions.[50]

The continued technical and economic growth of each of the Wikimedia projects is dependent mostly on donations but the Wikimedia Foundation also increases its revenue by alternative means of funding such as grants, sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, has been a source of revenue for several years,[50] but is no longer open to new customers.[53] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge.[54] In July 2014, the Foundation announced it would be accepting Bitcoin donations.[55]

Since the end of fiscal year ended 2004, the Foundation's net assets have grown from $57K[56] to $53.5M at the end of fiscal year ended June 30, 2014.[8] Under the leadership of Sue Gardner, who joined the Wikimedia Foundation in 2007, the Foundation's staff levels, number of donors and revenue have seen very significant growth.[57]

Interview with Garfield Byrd, Chief of Finance and Administration at the Wikimedia Foundation. Recorded October 7, 2011

In 2007, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of three out of four possible stars[58] (one out of four in efficiency, which has been criticised).[59] Charity Navigator gave three out of four possible stars in overall rating for fiscal years 2008 and 2009 which improved to four-stars in 2010.[60] The current overall rating is four stars – three stars for Financial, four stars for Accountability and Transparency.[61]

There are both supporting and opposing arguments regarding whether Wikimedia should switch to an advertising-based revenue model.[62]

Grants[edit]

Wikimedia Foundation and chapters finance meeting 2012, Paris

In March 2008, the Foundation announced a large donation, at the time its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.[63]

In 2009, the Foundation received four grants – the first grant was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant which was aimed to help study and simplify user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia.[64] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation Grant, given in July 2009, for Wikimedia Commons that aimed to improve the interfaces and workflows for multimedia uploading on Wikimedia websites.[65] In August 2009, the Foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.[66] Lastly, in August 2009, the Omidyar Network issued a potential $2M in "grant" funding to Wikimedia.[67]

In 2010, Google donated $2M to the Foundation.[68] Also in 2010, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation pledged a $800K grant and all was funded during 2011.

In March 2011, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation authorized another $3M grant to continue to develop and maintain the Foundation's mission. The grant was to be funded over three years with the first $1 million funded in July 2011 and the remaining $2M was scheduled to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6M grant of which $1.8M was funded and the remaining was due to be funded in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant received by the Wikimedia Foundation to-date.[69] In November 2011, the Foundation received a $500K donation from Google co-founder Sergey Brin and his wife.[70][71]

In 2012, the Foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25M from the historians Lisbet Rausing[70] and Peter Baldwin through Charities Aid Foundation, scheduled to be funded in five equal installments. The first installment of $250K was received in April 2012 and the remaining were to be funded in December 2012 through 2015.

Financial summary[edit]

Wikimedia financial data through June 2014 (financial years run from July 1 to June 30)
Fiscal year Revenue Year-over-year ratio
(revenue)		 Expenses Year-over-year ratio
(expenses)		 Net assets Year-over-year ratio
(net assets)
2003–2004[72]
Steady $80,129
Steady N/A
Steady $23,463
Steady N/A
Steady $56,666
Steady N/A
2004–2005[72]
Increase $379,088
Increase 373.1%
negative increase $177,670
negative increase 657.2%
Increase $268,084
Increase 373.1%
2005–2006[72]
Increase $1,508,039
Increase 297.8%
negative increase $791,907
negative increase 345.7%
Increase $1,004,216
Increase 274.6%
2006–2007[73]
Increase $2,734,909
Increase 81.4%
negative increase $2,077,843
negative increase 162.4%
Increase $1,658,282
Increase 65.1%
2007–2008[74]
Increase $5,032,981
Increase 84.0%
negative increase $3,540,724
negative increase 70.4%
Increase $5,178,168
Increase 212.3%
2008–2009[75]
Increase $8,658,006
Increase 72.0%
negative increase $5,617,236
negative increase 58.6%
Increase $8,231,767
Increase 59.0%
2009–2010[76]
Increase $17,979,312
Increase 107.7%
negative increase $10,266,793
negative increase 82.8%
Increase $14,542,731
Increase 76.7%
2010–2011[77]
Increase $24,785,092
Increase 37.8%
negative increase $17,889,794
negative increase 74.2%
Increase $24,192,144
Increase 66.3%
2011–2012[78]
Increase $38,479,665
Increase 55.2%
negative increase $29,260,652
negative increase 63.6%
Increase $34,929,058
Increase 44.4%
2012–2013[2]
Increase $48,635,408
Increase 26.4%
negative increase $35,704,796
negative increase 22.0%
Increase $45,189,124
Increase 29.4%
2013–2014[8]
Increase $52,804,246
Increase 8.6%
negative increase $45,900,745
negative increase 28.6%
Increase $53,475,021
Increase 18.3%

Governance[edit]

Board of Trustees[edit]

Jan-Bart de Vreede, the current Chairman of the Board

The board of trustees has ultimate authority of all the businesses and affairs of the Foundation. It is composed of ten members:

  • three who are selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects,
  • two who are selected by the local chapters and thematic organizations,
  • one emeritus for the foundation's founder, Jimmy Wales, and
  • four who are appointed by the Board itself.[79]

Three permanent entities support the board on its mission and responsibilities: an executive director, namely Lila Tretikov, which leads and oversees the operational arm of the foundation; an advisory board composed of individuals selected by the board itself that advise the board on different matters; and standing committees to which the board delegates certain matters while retaining ultimate authority. The board has also at times created other orthodox entities to support itself, such as executive secretaries and ad-hoc committees established for specific tasks.

In terms of personnel, the current board is composed by Jan-Bart de Vreede as Chairman and Patricio Lorente as Vice-Chairman, together with Frieda Brioschi, James Heilman, Dariusz Jemielniak, Guy Kawasaki, Denny Vrandečić, Jimmy Wales, Stu West and Alice Wiegand as members at-large.

Advisory board[edit]

The Advisory Board, according to the Wikimedia Foundation, is an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.[80]

Staff[edit]

First appointments[edit]

Staff and workplace at Wikimedia Foundation's San Francisco office

In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer (finance, budgeting, and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments.[81][better source needed]

In January 2006, the foundation created several committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities essentially handled by volunteers at that time.[82] Starling resigned that month to spend more time on his PhD program.

Employees[edit]

A workers area at the Wikimedia Foundation's San Francisco headquarters

The foundation's functions were, for the first few years, executed almost entirely by volunteers. In 2005, it had only two employees, Danny Wool, a coordinator, and Brion Vibber, a software manager.

As of October 4, 2006, the foundation had five paid employees:[83] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director,[84] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel. Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007, and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin, who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007[85] until 2010.

In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications.[86] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency. Doran later left the foundation in July 2007, and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor (later CEO). Her departure from the organization was cited by Florence Devouard as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit.[87]

The location of the Wikimedia Foundation's San Francisco headquarters

Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator but also largely involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation employee Danny Wool of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes. Wool also stated that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied.[88] In February 2007, the foundation added a new position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard,[89] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. Oleta McHenry was brought in as accountant in May 2007, through a temporary placement agency and made the official full-time accountant in August 2007. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development, and Jay Walsh as head of communications.

In May 2011, the foundation had 65 employees. A list of Foundation staff can be found at the staff page.

According to Business Insider, "In September of 2012, there was a quite a bit of media attention surrounding two Wikipedia employees who were running a PR business on the side and editing Wikipedia on behalf of their clients."[90][better source needed]

Disputes and lawsuits[edit]

Wikimedia Foundation post-SOPA party, 2012
Main article: List of litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation

Many disputes have resulted in litigation[91][92][93][94] while others have not.[95] Attorney Matt Zimmerman stated, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content."[96]

In December 2011, the Foundation hired Washington, DC lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby the United States Congress with regard to "Civil Rights/Civil Liberties" and "Copyright/Patent/Trademark."[97] At the time of the hire the Foundation was concerned specifically about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act.[98]

In October 2013, a German Court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia.[99]

In June 2014, a copyright infringement lawsuit was filed by Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige against Wikimedia Sweden.[100]

On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages.[101][102]

In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times, Wales and Tretikov announced the Foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency, calling into question its practice of mass surveillance, which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the Foundation's readers, editors and staff.[103][104][105]

See also[edit]

Portal icon San Francisco Bay Area portal

References[edit]

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  2. ^ a b c "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Financial Statements June, 2013 and 2012" (PDF). Upload.wikimedia.org. Retrieved December 14, 2013. 
  3. ^ "Staff and contractors page (Wikimedia Foundation website)". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 21, 2015. 
  4. ^ (French) Open for business (2007), Jaap Bloem & Menno van Doorn (trad. Audrey Vuillermier), éd. VINT, 2007 (ISBN 978-90-75414-20-2), p. 93. No official number available since 2006
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  14. ^ Bylaws revision.
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  51. ^ See also Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code
  52. ^ See also Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes
  53. ^ Wikimedia update feed service
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