The
Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the
French village of
Carnac, in
Brittany, consisting of alignments, dolmens, tumuli and single menhirs. More than 3,
000 prehistoric standing stones were hewn from local rock and erected by the pre/proto-Celtic people of Brittany, and are the largest such collection in the world. Most of the stones are within the
Breton village of Carnac, but some to the east are within
La Trinité-sur-Mer. The stones were erected at some stage during the
Neolithic period, probably around
3300 BC, but some may date to as old as
4500 BC. Although the stones date from 4500 BC, modern myths were formed which resulted from
1st century AD Roman and later
Christian occupations, such as
Saint Cornelius a
Christian myth associated with the stones held that they were pagan soldiers in pursuit of
Pope Cornelius when he turned them to stone. Brittany has its own local versions of the
Arthurian cycle. Local tradition claims that the reason they stand in such perfectly straight lines is that they are a
Roman legion turned to stone by
Merlin. In recent centuries, many of the sites have been neglected, with reports of dolmens being used as sheep shelters, chicken sheds or even ovens. Even more commonly, stones have been removed to make way for roads, or as building materials. The continuing management of the sites remains a controversial topic.
Eleven converging rows of menhirs stretching for 1,165 by
100 metres (3,822 by 328 feet). There is what
Alexander Thom considered to be the remains of stone circles at either end. According to the tourist office there is a "cromlech containing 71 stone blocks" at the western end and a very ruined cromlech at the eastern end. The largest stones, around
4 metres (13 feet) high, are at the wider, western end; the stones then become as small as 0.6 metres (2 feet 0 inches) high along the length of the alignment before growing in height again toward the extreme eastern end. The tumulus of Saint-Michel was constructed between
5000 BC and
3400 BC. At its base it is 125 by 60 m (410 by 197 ft), and is 12 m (39 ft) high. It required 35,000 cubic metres (46,000 cu yd) of stone and earth. Its
function was the same as that of the pyramids of
Egypt: a tomb for the members of the ruling class. It contained various funerary objects, such as 15 stone chests, pottery, jewellery, most of which are currently held by the
Museum of
Prehistory of Carnac. It was excavated in
1862 by René
Galles with a series of vertical pits, digging down 8 m (26 ft). Le Rouzic also excavated it between
1900 and 1907 discovering the tomb and the stone chests. A chapel was built on top in 1663 but was rebuilt in 1813, before being destroyed in 1923. The current building is an identical reconstruction of the 1663 chapel, built in 1926.
Also known as Er
Mané, it is a chamber tomb 85 m (279 ft) long, 35 m (115 ft) wide, and 5 m (16 ft) high. It has a dolmen at the west end, and two tombs at the east end. A small menhir, approximately 3 m (10 ft) high, is nearby. In 1887, H. de Cleuziou argued for a connection between the rows of stones and the directions of sunsets at the solstices. Among more recent studies, Alexander Thom worked with his son
Archie from
1970 to
1974 to carry out a detailed survey of the Carnac alignments, and produced a series of papers on the astronomical alignments of the stones as well as statistical analysis supporting his concept of the megalithic yard. Thom's megalithic yard has been challenged. There are also general theories on the use of the stones as astronomical observatories, as has been claimed for
Stonehenge. According to one such theory, the massive menhir at nearby
Locmariaquer was linked to the alignments for such a purpose. The Musée de Préhistoire
James Miln –
Zacharie le Rouzic is at the centre of conserving and displaying the artefacts from the area. It also contains the "world's largest collection [of] prehistoric[al] exhibits" with over 6,600 prehistoric objects from 136 different sites. The monuments themselves were listed and purchased by the
State at the start of the
20th century to protect them against quarrymen, and while this was successful at the time, in the mid century redevelopment, changes to agricultural practices and increasing tourism bringing visitors to the stones led to rapid deterioration. The Ministère de la
Culture et de la
Communication (
Heritage Ministry) re-examined
the issue from 1984, and subsequently set up the ‘
Mission Carnac’
1991 with the aim of rehabilitating and developing the alignments.
- published: 17 Jun 2012
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