Grog (clay)

Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a ceramic raw material. It has high percentage of silica and alumina. It can be produced by firing selected fire clays to high temperature before grinding and screening to specific particle sizes. It can also be produced from pitchers. The particle size distribution is generally coarser in size than the other raw materials used to prepare clay bodies. It tends to be porous and have low density. It is normally available as a powder or chippings.

Properties

Grog is composed of: 40% minimum alumina, 30% minimum silica, 4% maximum Iron(III) oxide, 2% maximum of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide combined.

Its melting point is approximately 1,780 °C (3,240 °F). Its water absorption is 7% maximum. Its thermal expansion coefficient is 5.2 mm/m and thermal conductivity is 0.8 W/(m·K) at 100 °C and 1.0 W/(m·K) at 1000 °C. It is also not easily wetted by steel.

Applications

Grog is used in pottery and sculpture to add a gritty, rustic texture called "tooth"; it also reduces shrinkage and aids even drying. This prevents defects such as cracking, crow feet patterning, and lamination. The coarse particles open the green clay body to allow gases to escape. It also adds structural strength to hand-built and thrown pottery during shaping although it can diminish fired strength.

Grog

Grog is any of a variety of alcoholic beverages. The word originally referred to a drink made with water or "small beer" (a weak beer), lemon or lime juice, and rum, which British Vice Admiral Edward Vernon introduced into the Royal Navy on 21 August 1740. Vernon wore a coat of grogram cloth and was nicknamed Old Grogram or Old Grog. However, Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, which agrees with this story of the word's origin, states that the word "grog" was first used in this sense in 1770, though other sources cite 1749. The citrus juice was added to prevent spoilage, then it was also found to prevent scurvy, two reasons to continue the practice.

In modern times the term "grog" has had a variety of meanings in a number of different cultures.

Modern Usage

Modern versions of the drink are often made with hot or boiling water, and sometimes include lemon juice, lime juice, cinnamon, or sugar to improve the taste. Additionally in the USA, Apple cider is sometimes substituted for water. Rum with water, sugar, and nutmeg was known as bumbo and was more popular with pirates and merchantmen. By contrast, in Australia and New Zealand, the word has come to mean any alcoholic drink.

Grog (film)

Grog is a 1982 Italian film. For this film the director Francesco Laudadio was awarded with a David di Donatello for Best New Director.

Cast

References

External links

Grog (Marvel Comics)

Grog the God-Slayer is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe, and a member of the Heliopolitan race of gods.

Publication history

Grog first appeared in Thor #390 (April 1988), and was created by Tom DeFalco and Ron Frenz.

The character subsequently appears in Thor #396-400 (October 1988-February 1989).

Grog the God-Slayer received an entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update '89 #3.

Fictional character biography

A loyal follower of the Egyptian God of death, Seth, Grog led his armies to assassinate the Asgardian God of Thunder, Thor after his return to Earth. On the Avengers' floating headquarters called Hydro-Base, Grog, and a horde of soldiers, made their first strike. Thor was aided by his comrades, the Captain and the Black Knight, and the three of them managed to defeat Grog and all of Seth’s men. Grog was carted off to the Vault by the Black Knight, but he would soon be free again.

After a second attempt, by Seth, to take the life of Thor by creating a group of super humans called Earth Force, Thor went to the Vault to question Grog of his master’s whereabouts. Not alone, Thor traveled with fellow Asgardian Hogun, the Grim, the Black Knight, and the reformed Earth Force, but Grog was not intimidated by the forces that massed against him. Once freed from his shackles, Grog summoned a portal back to the territory of Seth and escaped his foes. Thor had planned on Grog's escape in order to follow him into the realm of death so he could face the Death god, but Grog had been ready for Thor and his allies by having a welcoming party ready to greet his enemies once they were through the portal. The heroes fought valiantly, but were ultimately overwhelmed by Seth’s troops. Thor, too, fell before his enemies when Balder, the Brave, summoned Thor’s powers back to Asgard to help defend the Golden City against another wave of Seth’s unrelenting attack. Grog reveled in his triumph over the Thunder god.

Clay

Clay is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Clays are plastic due to their water content and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Depending on the content of the soil, clay can appear in various colours, from white to dull gray or brown to a deep orange-red.

Clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy. Silts, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is, however, some overlap in particle size and other physical properties, and many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay. The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline. Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 µm (clays being finer than silts), sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm.Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger.

Mythimna ferrago

Mythimna ferrago, the clay, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout Europe and is also found in Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria, Turkestan, Israel, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and the western parts of temperate North Asia. Also Tibet.

The forewings of this species vary from buffish to orangey brown, usually with a darker central line running longways down the wing, interrupted by a pale stigma. There are usually a few small dark spots in the basal area. The hindwings are dark grey with paler margins. The male is easily recognizable by a triangular area of black hair on the underside of the abdomen. The wingspan is 36–44 mm. This moth flies at night in July and August and is attracted to light and sugar.

Technical Description and variation

The wingspan is 36–44 mm. Forewing pale greyish rufous, speckled with dark;lines indistinct, dark grey; the outer regularly lunulate-dentate, the teeth marked by black dashes on veins;reniform stigma obscure, ending in a cloudy pale spot at lower end of cell; hindwing greyish ochreous; ventral tufts black. The species varies in coloration: ferrago F. is the reddest form: - grisea Haw, is grey without any rufous admixture, with the markings generally clearer; fulvescens Tutt is rare, with fulvous in the place of red; — ab. marginata Tutt has silvery grey hindwings with broad dark border.

Clay (short story)

"Clay" is a short story by James Joyce published in his 1914 collection Dubliners.

The story