In mathematics, logic and computer science, type theory is any of several formal systems that can serve as alternatives to naive set theory, or the study of such formalisms in general. In programming language theory, a branch of computer science, type theory can refer to the design, analysis and study of type systems, although some computer scientists limit the term's meaning to the study of abstract formalisms such as typed λ-calculi.
Bertrand Russell invented the first type theory in response to his discovery that Gottlob Frege's version of naive set theory was afflicted with Russell's paradox. This theory of types features prominently in Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica. It avoids Russell's paradox by first creating a hierarchy of types, then assigning each mathematical (and possibly other) entity to a type. Objects of a given type are built exclusively from objects of preceding types (those lower in the hierarchy), thus preventing loops.
Alonzo Church, inventor of the lambda calculus, developed a higher-order logic commonly called Church's Theory of Types, in order to avoid the Kleene–Rosser paradox afflicting the original pure lambda calculus. Church's type theory is a variant of the lambda calculus in which expressions (also called formulas or λ-terms) are classified into types, and the types of expressions restrict the ways in which they can be combined. In other words, it is a typed lambda calculus. The article Church's Type Theory in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is devoted to this subject.
Yeah, the road to hell, is paved with chocolate sweets.
Yeah, and candy corn, that's sewn, that's sewn at the side of the streets.
You know that every little morsel, promises, you will be satisfied.
But you know, every pretty wrapper, just holds,...
just holds another little lie.
Yeah, the road to hell winds through a gingerbread town.
And every ounce tells,
(Diptheria)
when every single pound kills,
(Diptheria)
and every loose tooth
(Diptheria)
Shows another wrong move
(Diptheria)
..of the diet...
(Diptheria)
..of denial.
(Denial)
Denial.
Denial.
Sell it uptown, Sell it downtown.
You're losing your pounds, just sleazing your bones.
Gotta,..get a shot from the man.
Got to...
Sell it uptown, Sell it downtown.
You're losing your pounds, just sleazing your bones.
Gotta,..get a shot from the man.
Got to...
Oh, yeah. And every ounce tells,
(Diptheria)
when every single pound kills,
(Diptheria)
and every loose tooth
(Diptheria)
Shows another wrong move
(Diptheria)
..of the diet...
(Diptheria)
..of denial.
(Denial)
Denial.
Denial.
AAAHHHHHH!
Yeah, the road to hell, is paved with chocolate sweets.
Yeah, and candy corn, that's sewn, that's sewn at the side of the streets.
The road to hell winds through a gingerbread town.
It looks real good, tastes real good,