The Dardic languages (Perso-Arabic: زبان داردی, Devanagari: दार्दी भाषाएँ) are a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern Pakistan, eastern Afghanistan, and the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir.Kashmiri is the most prominent Dardic language, with an established literary tradition and official recognition as one of the national languages of India.
Dardic languages can be organized into the following subfamilies:
In other classifications, Pashai may be included within Kunar, and Kashmiri within Shina.
The Dardic group has traditionally been defined as a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages which experienced strong influence from the Nuristani and East Iranian languages. Nuristani, a group of languages spoken in northeast Afghanistan, has sometimes been included in Dardic, but is today generally regarded as an independent group, as one of the three sub-groups of Indo-Iranian, following the studies of Georg Morgenstierne in 1973 to 1975.
There is still some dispute regarding the ultimate classification of the Dardic languages. The very existence of the family has been called into question by some, though the Dardic languages share common features different from Indo-Aryan, such as the so-called Dardic metathesis (karma => krama).
The Kalasha (Kalasha: Kaĺaśa, Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalash, are indigenous people residing in the Chitral District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalasha language, from the Dardic family of the Indo-Iranian languages, and are considered a unique tribe among the Indo-Aryan peoples of Pakistan.
They are related to the Nuristani people of the adjacent Nuristan (historically known as Kafiristan) province of Afghanistan. An autochthonous and polytheistic group like the Kalasha of Chitral, the Nuristani were forcibly converted to Islam by the 'Iron Amir' Abdur Rahman Khan in the late 19th century, while the Kalasha of Chitral maintain their own separate cultural traditions.
According to the linguist Richard Strand, the people of Chitral apparently adopted the name of the former Kafiristan Kalasha, who at some unknown time extended their influence into Chitral.[citation needed]
Pakistan's estimated population in 2011 is over 187 million making it the world's sixth most-populous country, behind Brazil and ahead of Bangladesh. During 1950–2011, Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold, while the total population increased by over fourfold. In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has changed by moderate birth rates. The population growth rate now stands at 1.6%.
Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanization and the emergence of megacities. During 1990–2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the second most urbanized nation in South Asia with city dwellers making up 36% of its population. Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis now reside in towns of 5,000 people or more.
Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.
The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. Karachi is the most populous city in Pakistan. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan, and Peshawar.
Hrvoje Ivančić: "Kalash"
Kalash People (PTV Documentary 1976)
Dardic Meaning
Proto-Indo-Iranian Meaning
Shina language learning
Kalami Meaning
Armen Aloyan - Dardic heraca LIVE
J & K Peace Foundation
Kalash valley,Pakistan
Bahrain Swat.wmv
Traveler's Choice: Kashmir || Places To Travel In India On Summer
Indo-Aryan languages
All About - Indo-Aryan languages (Extended)
Sash-Spitak Jard(armenian genocide)
Hrvoje Ivančić: "Kalash"
Kalash People (PTV Documentary 1976)
Dardic Meaning
Proto-Indo-Iranian Meaning
Shina language learning
Kalami Meaning
Armen Aloyan - Dardic heraca LIVE
J & K Peace Foundation
Kalash valley,Pakistan
Bahrain Swat.wmv
Traveler's Choice: Kashmir || Places To Travel In India On Summer
Indo-Aryan languages
All About - Indo-Aryan languages (Extended)
Sash-Spitak Jard(armenian genocide)
Lur People (Iranian People)
Ide Zmija (Running Snake) (2013) - Funny Cartoon Video for Kids
people of kashmir
Central Asia
Demographics of Pakistan
Pakistani Nationalism reborn Pan-Indo-Iranism for Pakistan