Niagara Falls State Park, New York, USA File:Bison.jpg American bison in Custer State Park, South Dakota, USA Bodie State Historical Park, California, USA Babcock State Park, West Virginia, USA An example of New Deal developments in U.S. state parks: Bunker Tower, Cheaha State Park, Alabama, USA Mount Worth State Park. Victoria, Australia

State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at the federated state level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U.S. state, and of some states of Mexico. The term is also used in Australia, though the distinction between state and national parks there is different. The equivalent term in Canada is provincial park. Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies.

State parks are thus similar to national parks, but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g. regional parks or county parks. In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with a few exceptions such as the Adirondack Park in New York and Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California.

In Australia, both state and national parks are under the administration of state governments, because the first national parks predate the federation of Australia. State parks have a lesser degree of significance and protection (for instance, they are frequently logged).^{[citation needed]}

State parks in the U.S.[link]

There are 6,624 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD).^[1] California alone has 278.^[2] There are some 725 million annual visits to the country's state parks, compared to 276 million to U.S. national parks.^[1] The NASPD further counts 41,725 miles (67,150 km) of trail, 207,063 campsites, and 7,161 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks.^[1]

Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas, state beaches, and state nature reserves. Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites.

History[link]

The title of oldest state park in the U.S. is generally accorded to Niagara Falls State Park in New York, established in 1885.^[3] However several public parks maintained at the state level pre-date it.

Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by the state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931.^[4] In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890.^[5] In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years.^[6] The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Mackinac Island State Park in 1895, which was first a national park before being transferred to the state of Michigan.^[7]

Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks across the country were developed with assistance from federal job creation programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration.^[8]

See also[link]

• List of U.S. state parks
• National Association of State Park Directors
• Provincial park (Canada)

References[link]

Sir John Malcolm
Governor of Bombay
In office 1 November 1827 – 1 December 1830
Monarch	George IV William IV
Governor General	The Earl Amhurst Lord Bentinck
Preceded by	Mountstuart Elphinstone
Succeeded by	The Earl of Clare
Personal details
Born	2 May 1769 Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
Died	30 May 1833(1833-05-30) (aged 64) London, England
Nationality	British
Occupation	Soldier, Statesman, Historian
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Madras Army
Years of service	1782–1833
Rank	Major-general
Battles/wars	Third Anglo-Mysore War Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

Major-general Sir John Malcolm (2 May 1769 – 30 May 1833) was a Scottish soldier, statesman, and historian.

Early life[link]

Born at Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire, Malcolm was the son of George Malcolm, a gentleman farmer of Eskdale and Burnfoot. Jock, as he was then known, was one of the four Malcolm brothers who attained knighthoods or baronetcies in the service of the British Empire. In 1782, through the influence of the Johnstones of Alva, Jock Malcolm entered the service of the East India Company as a cadet, leaving from London to Madras.

In his early years at Madras, Jock Malcolm was 'not a prodigy of virtue'. He was known as 'Boy Malcolm' for many years, which his biographer explained was due to there being 'something so open and joyous in his manner; so active and so frolicsome'. He was a fine horseman and a crack shot, but like so many other young officers he soon found himself in debt. A relation in London forwarded him £200 but his brother intercepted it so that he may learn the hard way.

A part of his success is to be ascribed to the zeal with which he applied himself at first to study the manners and languages of the east. Having distinguished himself at the siege of Seringapatam in 1792, he was appointed by Lord Cornwallis to the situation of Persian interpreter to a British force serving with a native prince. In 1795, on his return from a short visit to his native country, on account of his health, he performed some useful services in General Clarke’s expedition at the Cape of Good Hope, for which he received the thanks of the Madras government, and was appointed secretary to the commander-in-chief.

In 1797, he was made captain; and from that time to 1799, he was engaged in a variety of important services, terminating at the fall of Seringapatam, where he highly distinguished himself. He was then appointed joint secretary with captain (afterwards Sir Thomas) Munro, to the commissioners for settling the new government of Mysore. In the same year, he was selected by Lord Wellesley to proceed on a diplomatic mission to Persia, where he concluded two treaties of great importance, one political, and the other commercial; returning to Bombay in May, 1801. His services were acknowledged by his being appointed private secretary to the governor-general. In January, 1802, he was raised to the rank of major; and on the occasion of the Persian ambassador being accidentally shot at Bombay, he was again entrusted with a mission to that empire, in order to make the requisite arrangements for the renewal of the embassy. As plenipotentiary for the British East India Company, he came into conflict with Sir Harford Jones, the British Ambassador to Persia, which resulted in a number of minor disputes about precedence in the Persian court and the giving and receiving of gifts.^[1] Upon his return to Bombay he was censured by the government for having spent too much on gifts for the members of the Persian court.^[1]

In January, 1803, he was nominated to the presidency of Mysore, and to act without special instructions; and in December, 1804, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In the June of the following year, he was appointed chief agent of the governor-general, and he continued to serve in that capacity until March, 1806, having successfully concluded several very important treaties during that period.

Malcolm is credited with having introduced the potato to Persia. On his first visit he noted the suitability of the climate to growing this vegetable, and on his second mission to Persia took along thirty bags of seeds, which he distributed as he went, along with notes on how to grow the potato.^[2]

He was employed in many important negotiations and held various distinguished posts, being Ambassador to Persia, Resident of Gwalior (1803–1804) and Governor of Bombay 1827–1830. He was the commander of the British Army which defeated the Holkars who ruled Indore at the Battle of Mahidpur in 1818. After defeating the Holkars he signed the Treaty of Mandsaur with them. It was under this treaty that the British were given the cantonment town of Mhow which is 23 km from Indore.

He was the author of several valuable works regarded as authoritative, viz., Sketch of the Sikh (1812) A History of Persia (1815), Memoir of Central India (1823), Political History of India from 1784 to 1823 (1826), Sketches of Persia (1827 by A Traveller) and Life of Lord Clive (1836). As a writer, Malcolm was a profound influence on the generation of military and diplomatic officials that governed British India in the period before 1857.^[3]

Family[link]

The English delegation at the Court of Fath Ali Shah in 1808: John Malcolm, Harford Jones and Gore Ouseley.

He married in June 1807 Isabella 'Charlotte' Campbell, daughter of Sir Alexander Campbell, Bart., by whom he had five children. He himself was a brother of Sir Pulteney Malcolm. An impressive obelisk commemorating Malcolm's life and achievements stands atop the 300 m Whita Hill on the outskirts of Langholm.

An over life-size statue of Sir John Malcolm by Sir Francis Chantrey is in Westminster Abbey's North Transept.

References[link]

Resources[link]

• John W. Kaye, The life and correspondence of Major-General Sir John Malcolm, G. C. B., late envoy to Persia, and governor of Bombay, from unpublished letters and journals 2 vols., London, Smith Elder and Co. (1856). On line, archive.org
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J. M. Dent & Sons; New York, E. P. Dutton.
• Significant Scots
• Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs ^{[self-published source?][better source needed]}

External links[link]

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Malcolm

Walter Leslie “Stub” Stewart (1888 – August 15, 1974) was an athlete and coach for the University of Iowa. He earned nine athletic letters at Iowa in football, basketball, and baseball from 1907-1910. Stewart later served as the head coach of Iowa’s basketball and baseball teams from 1910-1912.

Playing career[link]

Walter “Stub” Stewart was born in Tecumseh, Nebraska, but he moved to Iowa at age seven. He attended Des Moines West High School and won letters in football, baseball, and track from 1904-1906. Since his high school did not yet support a basketball team, Stewart played basketball for the local Y.M.C.A. team, which went undefeated in his three years there.^[1]

Walter Stewart was nicknamed “Stub” because he stood five feet, five inches tall and never weighed more than 130 pounds during his athletic career.^[2] Still, he went to the University of Iowa and earned nine athletic letters in football, basketball, and baseball from 1907-1910. Stewart was the second team All-Big Ten quarterback as a senior in 1909. He was the captain of the baseball team as a second baseman in 1909 and captain of the basketball squad in 1910.^[3]

Coaching career[link]

Stub Stewart graduated from Iowa in 1910 and entered law school at the university. During his two years attending law school, he served as Iowa’s head basketball and baseball coach for two seasons. Stewart’s Iowa baseball team compiled a 16-12-1 record in 1911 and 1912. His Hawkeye basketball team had a 9-4 record in his first season in 1910-1911. However, in his second season, Iowa struggled to a 6-8 record, including a 0-4 record in the Big Ten. It remains the only winless conference season Iowa basketball has ever had. Stewart earned his law degree from Iowa in 1912.^[4]

Stub Stewart then moved to Des Moines and opened a law practice. He also served as a member of the Board of Control of Athletics at the University of Iowa for decades. In 1938, Stewart was the representative sent by the university to Boston to negotiate a coaching contract with Eddie Anderson to become the head football coach of the Hawkeyes.^[5]

Honors[link]

Stub Stewart was inducted into the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1965. He was also inducted into the University of Iowa Athletics Hall of Fame in 2000.

References[link]

1. ^ Stewart Iowa Hall of Fame bio
2. ^ Hawkeye Legends, Lists, & Lore, by Mike Finn & Chad Leistikow, Page 13 (ISBN 1-57167-178-1)
3. ^ Iowa Letterwinner bio
4. ^ Iowa Distinguished Alumni Award
5. ^ 75 Years With The Fighting Hawkeyes, by Bert McCrane & Dick Lamb, Pages 162-163 (ASIN: B0007E01F8)