Himba woman

The Himba (singular: Omuhimba, plural: Ovahimba) are an ethnic group of about 20,000 to 50,000 people^[1] living in northern Namibia, in the Kunene region (formerly Kaokoland). Recently they have built two villages in Kamanjab which have become tourist destinations. They are mostly a semi-nomadic, pastoral people, closely related to the Herero, and speak Otjihimba, a dialect of the Herero language.

Daily life[link]

Himba herders

The Himba breed cattle and goats. The responsibility for milking the cows lies with the women. Women take care of the children, and one woman will take care of another woman's children. Women tend to perform more labor-intensive work than men do, such as carrying water to the village and building homes. Men handle the political tasks and legal trials.^{[citation needed]}

Members of an extended family typically dwell in a homestead, "a small, circular hamlet of huts and work shelters" that surrounds "an okuruwo (ancestral fire) and a central livestock enclosure." Both the fire and the livestock are closely tied to their belief in ancestor worship, the fire representing ancestral protection and the livestock allowing "proper relations between human and ancestor."^[2]

House

The Himba wear little clothing, but the women are famous for covering themselves with otjize, a mixture of butter fat and ochre,^[3] possibly to protect themselves from the sun.^[4] The mixture gives their skins a reddish tinge. This symbolizes earth's rich red color and the blood that symbolizes life, and is consistent with the Himba ideal of beauty.^[4] Women braid each other's hair that they extend with plastic hair that they usually have to purchase, and cover it except the ends, in their ochre mixture.

Modern clothes are scarce, but generally go to the men when available.^{[citation needed]} Traditionally both men and women go topless and wear skirts or loincloths made of animal skins in various colors. Adult women wear beaded anklets to protect their legs from venomous animal bites.^{[citation needed]}

Boys are generally circumcised before puberty, to make them eligible for marriage.

Tribal structure[link]

A Himba headman with his grandson

Because of the harsh desert climate in the region where they live and their seclusion from outside influences, the Himba have managed to maintain much of their traditional lifestyle. Members live under a tribal structure based on bilateral descent that helps them live in one of the most extreme environments on earth.

Under bilateral descent, every tribe member belongs to two clans: one through the father (a patriclan, called oruzo) and another through the mother (a matriclan, called eanda).^[5] Himba clans are led by the eldest male in the clan. Sons live with their father's clan, and when daughters marry, they go to live with the clan of their husband. However, inheritance of wealth does not follow the patriclan but is determined by the matriclan, that is, a son does not inherit his father's cattle but his maternal uncle's instead.

Himba woman

Himba Girls

Bilateral descent is found among only a few groups in West Africa, India, Australia, Melanesia and Polynesia, and anthropologists consider the system advantageous for groups that live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area.^[6]

Disaster and adversity[link]

The Himba's history is wrought with disasters, including severe droughts and guerrilla warfare, especially during Namibia's quest for independence and as a result of the civil war in neighboring Angola. In 1904, they suffered from the same attempt at genocide by the German colonial power under Lothar von Trotha that decimated other groups in Namibia, notably the Herero and the Nama.^{[citation needed]}

In the 1980s it appeared the Himba way of life was coming to a close. A severe drought killed ninety percent of their cattle and many gave up their herds and became refugees in the town of Opuwo living in slums on international relief. Since they live on the Angolan border, many Himba were also kidnapping victims in the Angolan civil war.^{[citation needed]}

Resurgence[link]

Himba mobile school

Since the 1990s, the Himba have been successful in maintaining their culture and traditional way of life, and have experienced a resurgence. Many Himba now live on nature conservancies that give them access to tourism on their lands. Vengapi Tijvinda, a grandmother in her 50s, says: "Life is still the same, but the children can read and write. I am a member of [a] conservancy, and we have tasted game meat again."^[1]

Even so the Himba have worked with international activists to block a proposed hydroelectric dam along the Kunene River that would have flooded their ancestral lands.^{[citation needed]}. 2011, Namibia announced its new plan to build a dam in Orokawe, in the Baynes Mountains. The Himba submitted in February 2012 their protest Declaration to the United Nations, the African Union and to the Government of Namibia.^[7]

The government of Norway and Iceland funded mobile schools for Himba children, but since Namibia took them over in 2010, they have been converted to permanent schools and are no longer mobile. The Himba leaders complain in their declaration about the culturally inappropriate school system, that they say would threaten their culture, identity and way of life as a people.

Human Rights[link]

February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs^[8] issued two separate Declarations^[9] to the African Union and to the OHCHR of the United Nations.

The first, titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains"^[10] outlines the objections from regional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River.

The second, titled "Declaration by the traditional Himba leaders of Kaokoland in Namibia"^[11] lists violations of civil, cultural, economic, environmental, social and political rights perpetrated by the Government of Namibia (GoN).

Religion[link]

The Himba are a monotheistic people who worship the god Mukuru. Each family has its own ancestral fire, which is kept by the fire-keeper. The fire-keeper approaches the ancestral fire every seven to eight days in order to communicate with Mukuru and the ancestors on behalf of his family.^[12] Often, because Mukuru is busy in a distant realm, the ancestors act as Mukuru's representatives.^[12] However, the difference between Mukuru and the ancestors is that while Mukuru only blesses and never curses; the ancestors do both.^[13]

The Himba traditionally believe in omiti, which some translate to mean witchcraft but which others call "bad medicine".^[14] Some Himba believe that death is caused by omiti, or rather, by someone using omiti for malicious purposes.^[15] Additionally, some believe that evil people who use omiti have the power to place bad thoughts into another's mind^[16] or cause extraordinary events to happen (such as when a common illness becomes life-threatening).^[17] But users of omiti do not always attack their victim directly; sometimes they target a relative or loved one.^[18] Some Himba will consult a diviner to reveal the reason behind an extraordinary event, or the source of the omiti.^[17]

Color perception[link]

Several researchers studied the Himba color perception.^[19] The Himba use four color names: Zuzu stands for dark shades of blue, red, green and purple; Vapa is white and some shades of yellow; Buru is some shades of green and blue; and Dambu is some other shades of green, red and brown. It is thought that this may increase the time it takes for the Himba to distinguish between two colours that fall under the same Herero colour category compared to people whose language separates the colours into two different colour categories. However, this time difference is only noticeable when measured in milliseconds and remains unproven.

Gallery[link]

• 

  Himba village about 15 km north of Opuwo, Namibia.

• 

  Himba woman and some of her family standing in her father's homestead in Otutati, Namibia.

• 

  Himba woman (Namibia, Southern Arica)

• Himba girl oPEYRE.jpg

  Himba teenager, north of Opuwo, Namibia

• 

  Himba girl

• 

  Himba boy

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Peter Pickford, Beverly Pickford, Margaret Jacobsohn: Himba; ed. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd, 1990; ISBN 978-1-85368-084-7
• Klaus G. Förg, Gerhard Burkl: Himba. Namibias ockerrotes Volk; Rosenheim: Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 2004; ISBN 3-475-53572-6 (in German)
• David Crandall: Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees: A Year in the Life of the Cattle-Herding Himba of Namibia; New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2000; ISBN 0-8264-1270-X
• Rina Sherman: Ma vie avec les Ovahimba; Paris: Hugo et Cie, 2009; ISBN 978-2-7556-0261-6 (in French)

External links[link]

Find more about Himba on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• The Ovahimba Years I Les années Ovahimba
• Keep the Dance Alive I Que la danse continue
• Keep the Dance Alive on Flickr
• Sept années chez les Ovahimba
• Photographs of the Himba in Namibia
• A Peace Corps volunteer works among the Himba
• Scientific American: The Himba and the Dam
• HIMBA DANCE in Omuhonga, Kaokoland, Namibia, video by Rebecca Sommer

Photographs[link]

• Photos from Himba village near Opuwo, Namibia – Photographs and information.
• Africa on the Matrix: Himba People of Namibia – Photographs and information.
• Snapshots with the Himba people – Photography by Brent Stirton.
• Photos of the Himba People in Okangwati – Photography by Photographer Benjamin Rennicke.