This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since June 2011. It may have been edited by a contributor who has a close connection with its subject. Tagged since October 2011.

Ruth Gledhill (born 1959) is an English journalist and the longstanding religion correspondent for The Times.^[1]

Gledhill grew up in Gratwich, Staffordshire, a small village near Uttoxeter, as the daughter of the local vicar. She is married to Alan Franks, a Times feature writer. They have one son, Arthur.

Gledhill began her career in Uttoxeter with the Uttoxeter Advertiser and then moved to the Birmingham Post and Mail before joining the Daily Mail in 1984 and The Times in 1987; she became religion correspondent in 1989.

She co-authored (with Tim Webb)^[2] a guide to Birmingham entitled Birmingham is not a Boring City. She also edited The Times Book of Prayers and The Times Book of Best Sermons, published for six years in connection with The Times Preacher of the Year Award.

Gledhill has argued in favour of the "benefits of schism" within the Anglican Communion, taking a critical stance against Peter Akinola and other church leaders with conservative views on homosexuality.^[3]

Gledhill writes features, news stories and a weblog for The Times.

References[link]

1. ^ "Ruth Gledhill". The Times. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/profile/Ruth-Gledhill. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 
2. ^ "Birmingham is Not a Boring City". ISBNdb.com. http://isbndb.com/d/book/birmingham_is_not_a_boring_city.html. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 
3. ^ Gledhill, Ruth (14 February 2007). "It is time for the Anglican Luthers to divorce". The Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070218130312/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article1381317.ece. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 

External links[link]

• Gledhill articles on the Journalisted website

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The Revd  Giles Fraser  PhD MA[1]
Canon Chancellor of St Paul's, 2009-11
Fraser speaking at Levellers Day, Burford, in 2008
Church	Church of England
Diocese	Diocese of London
In Office	2009–October 2011
Predecessor	Edmund Newell
Successor	TBA
Other posts	Founder and President, Inclusive Church
Orders
Ordination	1993 (deacon); 1994 (priest)
Personal details
Born	(1964-11-27) 27 November 1964 (age 47)
Denomination	Anglican
Parents	Anthony and Gillian Fraser[2]
Spouse	Sally Aagaard[2]
Children	Two daughters, one son[2]
Occupation	Priest
Profession	occasional writer
Alma mater	Newcastle University

Giles Anthony Fraser^[1] (born 27 November 1964^[3]) is a priest of the Church of England. He was Canon Chancellor of St Paul's Cathedral from 2009 until his resignation in October 2011. As Canon Chancellor, Fraser fulfilled the role of a canon residentiary with special responsibility for contemporary ethics and engagement with the City of London as a financial centre. He was also the director of St Paul's Institute.

Fraser is currently the parish priest at St Mary's, Newington, in the Elephant and Castle, London.^[4]

Life and career[link]

Fraser's father was Jewish and his mother from a Christian background, and Fraser himself was circumcised. He was educated at a fee-paying Christian school (Uppingham School) and became a Christian.^[5] He has been involved in social and political advocacy and would be the first to admit that he is fond of the sound of his own voice.^[6]

Fraser has contributed to BBC Radio 4's Thought for the Day. Since 2004, he has had a weekly column in the Church Times. He has written for The Guardian, the Daily Mail and Socialist Worker.

Fraser attended Newcastle University, Ripon College Cuddesdon and the University of Lancaster. He was ordained as a deacon in 1993 and as a priest in 1994, serving as the curate of All Saints in Streetly from 1993 to 1997.^[3] From 1997 to 2006, he was a chaplain and then a lecturer in philosophy at Wadham College, Oxford. He is the author or co-author of several books and is a specialist on the writings of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

Fraser has lectured on moral leadership for the British Army at the Defence Academy at Shrivenham.

From 2000 to 2009, he was the Team Rector of St Mary’s Putney, where he campaigned to raise the profile of the Putney Debates (1647).^[7]

Fraser was the founder, and is currently the President, of Inclusive Church and campaigns for lesbian and gay inclusion within the church.

In October 2011, Occupy London based their protest outside St Paul's. Fraser said that he was happy for people to "exercise their right to protest peacefully" outside the cathedral.^[8] Fraser resigned as he could not sanction any policy of the chapter of St Paul's to use force to remove the protesters.^[9]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Writing for The Guardian
• St Paul's Cathedral website
• The Jewish Chronicle: The Anglican Priest who had a bris
• Daily Telegraph: Pro-gay Vicar of Putney made an African Canon
• Putney Debates: Permanent exhibition sited inside St Mary’s Church, Putney

v t e Occupy movement Protests Australia Melbourne Sydney Canada Ottawa Regina Toronto Windsor Ireland Cork Dublin United Kingdom Bath Edinburgh Glasgow London (The Occupied Times of London, Bank of Ideas) Thanet United States (list of protests) California Albany (Occupy the Farm) Berkeley (UC Berkeley) Los Angeles Oakland (2011 Oakland general strike · Timeline) Pasadena (Rose Parade) Sacramento San Diego San Francisco San Jose UC Davis Redwood City Other Ashland Atlanta Austin Baltimore Boston Buffalo Charlotte Charlottesville Chicago Cincinnati Dallas Eugene Houston Las Vegas Minneapolis Nashville Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Rochester, NY Salem Salt Lake City Seattle St. Louis Syracuse Texas State University Vanderbilt Wall Street (Timeline · The People's Library) Washington, D.C. Other Bahrain Berlin Cyprus Dataran New Zealand Nigeria Oslo Reykjavik Rome Events 15 October 2011 global protests  (2011 Rome demonstration) Bank Transfer Day UC Davis pepper-spray incident Places Dame Street (Dublin) Dewey Square (Boston) Eyre Square (Galway) Farragut Square (Washington, D.C.) Finsbury Square (London) Frank H. Ogawa Plaza (Oakland) Gill Tract (Albany) Grand Parade and South Mall (Cork) McPherson Square (Washington, D.C.) Rothschild Boulevard (Tel Aviv) San Jose City Hall (San Jose) Plaza Blocks (Portland) Sproul Plaza (University of California, Berkeley) St. James Park (Toronto) Stapleton House, Oliver Plunkett Street (Cork) Vancouver Art Gallery (Vancouver) Victoria Park (Regina) Westlake Park (Seattle) Woodruff Park (Atlanta) Zuccotti Park (New York City) United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus (Nicosia) Groups Adbusters Media Foundation Anonymous ¡Democracia Real YA! Occupy Homes Occupy Marines UK Uncut Other 2011–2012 Spanish protests 99 Percent Declaration 99 Percenters Distribution of wealth General assemblies Human microphone Income distribution Law enforcement and the Occupy movement Occupy Comics Occupy hand signals Occupy This Album Reactions Wall Street We are the 99%  Category  Commons  List of protest locations  Social movements portal

Justin Portal Welby (born 6 January 1956) became the Bishop of Durham^[1] and the fourth most senior cleric in the Church of England on 29 September 2011. He was previously the Dean of Liverpool Cathedral.

Early life and education[link]

Welby was born to Gavin Bernard Welby and his wife, Jane Gillian (née Portal). His mother remarried, becoming Lady Williams of Elvel, years after his father's death in 1975. He is also related to former Conservative Deputy Prime Minister Rab Butler, later Baron Butler of Saffron Walden. His great-grandfather, Sir Montagu Butler, was Lord Butler of Saffron Walden's father and also the father of Welby's grandmother, Iris Butler.

Welby was educated at Eton College before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge to read History and Law. Following graduation he spent 11 years in the oil industry, eventually becoming Group Treasurer of Enterprise Oil PLC.^[2][3]

Ministry[link]

From 1989 to 1992, Welby studied Theology and trained for the priesthood at Cranmer Hall and St John's College Durham before becoming a Curate at Chilvers Coton with Astley (Nuneaton) from 1992 to 1995. He then became Rector at St James' Church, Southam and Vicar of Ufton from 1995 until 2002.

In 2002, he was appointed a Canon Residentiary at Coventry Cathedral and Co-Director for International Ministry at the International Centre for Reconciliation. In 2005, he left the latter post when he was appointed Sub-Dean and Canon for Reconciliation Ministry.

Welby was appointed Dean of Liverpool in December 2007 and was installed in a service at Liverpool Cathedral on 8 December 2007.^[4]

Welby has written widely on ethics and on finance, featuring in books such as Managing the Church?: Order and Organization in a Secular Age and Explorations in Financial Ethics. He also wrote a book entitled Can Companies Sin?: "Whether", "How" and "Who" in Company Accountability which was published by Grove Books in 1992.

Interviewed by the BBC in 2011 he said that to become Bishop of Durham was both challenging and a huge privilege: “I was astonished to be offered the role. It is a passionate desire to see a church that is vigorously full of spiritual life, serving Jesus Christ and serving those around it”.^[5] His election was confirmed by York Minster on 29 September 2011 and he left Liverpool Cathedral on 2 October. He was consecrated at the Minster on 28 October,^[6] and was enthroned Bishop of Durham on 26 November 2011. He was consequently made a member of the House of Lords in late 2011.

Styles[link]

• Mr Justin Welby (1956–1992)
• The Revd Justin Welby (1992–2002)
• The Revd Canon Justin Welby (2002–2007)
• The Very Revd Justin Welby (2007–2011)
• The Rt Revd Justin Welby (2011–present)

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Diocese of Durham – New Bishop-Designate of Durham Announced
2. ^ New Dean for Liverpool Cathedral (2007), Liverpool Cathedral, Liverpool, viewed 18 April 2008, http://www.liverpoolcathedral.org.uk/content/About/News/article_9_14.aspx
3. ^ News & Press Release (2007), Coventry Cathedral, Coventry, viewed 18 April 2008, http://www.coventrycathedral.org.uk/Dean_of_Liverpool.htm
4. ^ "The Queen approves new Dean". Number10.gov.uk. 2007. http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page11780.asp. 
5. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-13625715
6. ^ Consecrations of the Bishops of Durham and Penrith

External links[link]

• "Is reconciliation with Islam possible?"
• Article featuring Welby's comments on the Archbishop of Canterbury's (Rowan Williams) views about Sharia law
• Article about Welby being featured in Who's Who
• BBC Religion & Ethics section featuring Welby's comments on "Reinventing the cross" as part of his international ministry work at Coventry Cathedral
• House of Lords debate regarding Nigeria. Welby was part of a team researching the ethics of the situation

Archbishop of Canterbury
Arms of the see of Canterbury
Incumbent Rowan Williams since 27 February 2003
Style	The Most Reverend
Inaugural holder	Augustine of Canterbury 597
Website	Archbishop of Canterbury

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The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. In his role as head of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop leads the third largest group of Christians in the world^{[citation needed]}.

The current archbishop is the Most Reverend Rowan Williams. He is the 104th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to St Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", in the year 597. From the time of St Augustine until the 16th century, the Archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome and thus received the pallium. During the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, at first temporarily under Henry VIII and Edward VI and later permanently during the reign of Elizabeth I.

In the Middle Ages there was considerable variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury and other bishops. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, the King of England, or the Pope. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has been more explicitly a state church and the choice is legally that of the British crown; today it is made in the name of the Sovereign by the Prime Minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission.

Present roles and status[link]

Today the archbishop fills four main roles:^[1]

1. He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the east parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church.
2. He is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England.
3. As Primate of All England, he is the senior primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England (the British sovereign is the Supreme governor of the church). Along with his colleague the Archbishop of York he chairs the General Synod and sits or chairs many of the church's important boards and committees; power in the church is not highly centralised, however, so the two archbishops can often lead only through persuasion. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a central part in national ceremonies such as coronations; due to his high public profile, his opinions are often in demand by the news media.
4. As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares (first among equals) of all Anglican primates worldwide. Since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences.

In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England and worldwide.

The archbishop's main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, where the Chair of St. Augustine sits.

As holder of one of the "five great sees" (the others being York, London, Durham and Winchester), the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the highest-ranking men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdom's order of precedence.

Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English (British since the Act of Union in 1707) monarch. Today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals.^[2]

The current archbishop, the Most Reverend and Right Honourable Rowan Douglas Williams, is the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury. He was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. As archbishop he signs himself as + Rowan Cantuar. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury he was the Bishop of Monmouth in Wales. Whilst at Monmouth he was later, for a shorter period, also the Archbishop of Wales. On 18 March 2012, Rowan Williams announced he would be stepping down as Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 2012.^[3]

Additional roles[link]

In addition to his office, the archbishop also holds a number of other positions; for example, he is Joint President of the Council of Christians and Jews in the United Kingdom. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so (the incumbent of the day, although appointed personally, is appointed because of his office). Amongst these are:^[4]

Origins[link]

Arms of the see of Canterbury. Nearly 500 years after the Reformation, the arms still depict the pallium, a symbol of the authority of the Pope and metropolitan archbishops.

It has been suggested that the Roman province of Britannia had four archbishops, seated at London, York, Lincoln and Cirencester.^[6] However, in the 5th and 6th centuries Britannia began to be overrun by pagan, Germanic peoples who came to be known collectively as the Anglo-Saxons. Of the kingdoms they created, Kent arguably had the closest links with European politics, trade and culture, because it was conveniently sited for communication with the Continent. In the late 6th century, King Æthelberht of Kent married a Christian Frankish princess named Bertha, possibly before becoming king, and certainly a number of years before the arrival of the first Christian mission to England.^[7] He permitted the preaching of Christianity.^[8]

The first Archbishop of Canterbury was St Augustine (not to be confused with St Augustine of Hippo), who arrived in Kent in 597 AD, having been sent by Pope Gregory I on a mission to the English. He was accepted by King Æthelbert, on his conversion to Christianity, about the year 598. It seems that Pope Gregory, ignorant of recent developments in the former Roman province, including the spread of the Pelagian heresy, had intended the new archiepiscopal sees for England to be established in London and York.^[9] In the event, Canterbury was chosen instead of London, owing to political circumstances.^[10] Since then the Archbishops of Canterbury have been referred to as occupying the Chair of St. Augustine.

A Gospel Book believed to be directly associated with St. Augstine's mission survives in the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, England. Catalogued as Cambridge Manuscript 286, it has been positively dated to 6th century Italy and this bound book, the St Augustine Gospels, is still used during the swearing-in ceremony of new archbishops of Canterbury.

Before the break with papal authority in the 16th century, the Church of England was an integral part of the Western European church. Since the break the Church of England, an established national church, still considers itself part of the broader Western Catholic tradition as well as being the "mother church" of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

Province and Diocese of Canterbury[link]

The Archbishop of Canterbury exercises metropolitical (or supervisory) jurisdiction over the Province of Canterbury, which encompasses thirty of the forty-four dioceses of the Church of England, with the rest falling within the Province of York. The four dioceses of Wales were formerly also under the Province of Canterbury until 1920 when they were transferred from the established Church of England to the disestablished Church in Wales.

View of Canterbury Cathedral from the north west c. 1890–1900.

The Archbishop of Canterbury has a ceremonial provincial curia, or court, consisting of some of the senior bishops of his province.^[11] The Bishop of London—the most senior cleric of the church with the exception of the two archbishops—serves as Canterbury's provincial dean, the Bishop of Winchester as chancellor, the Bishop of Lincoln as vice-chancellor, the Bishop of Salisbury as precentor, the Bishop of Worcester as chaplain and the Bishop of Rochester as cross-bearer.

Along with primacy over the Archbishop of York, the Archbishop of Canterbury also has a precedence of honour over the other bishops of the Anglican Communion. He is recognised as primus inter pares, or first amongst equals. He does not, however, exercise any direct authority in the provinces outside England, except in certain minor roles dictated by Canon in those provinces (for example, he is the judge in the event of an ecclesiastical prosecution against the Archbishop of Wales). He does hold metropolitical authority over several extra-provincial Anglican churches, and he serves ex officio as the Bishop of the Falkland Islands.

At present the archbishop has three suffragan bishops:

• The Bishop of Dover is given the additional title of "Bishop in Canterbury" and empowered to act almost as if he were the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, since the archbishop is so frequently away fulfilling national and international duties.
• Two further suffragans, the Bishop of Ebbsfleet and the Bishop of Richborough, are provincial episcopal visitors for the whole Province of Canterbury, licensed by the archbishop as "flying bishops" to visit parishes throughout the province who are uncomfortable with the ministrations of their local bishop who has participated in the ordination of women.

The Bishop of Maidstone was previously a second actual suffragan bishop working in the diocese, until it was decided at the diocesan synod of November 2010 that a new bishop will not be appointed.^[12]

Styles and privileges[link]

The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York are both styled as "The Most Reverend"; retired archbishops are styled as "The Right Reverend". Archbishops are, by convention, appointed to the Privy Council and may, therefore, also use the style of "The Right Honourable" for life (unless they are later removed from the council). In formal documents, the Archbishop of Canterbury is referred to as "The Most Reverend Father in God, Forenames, by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and Metropolitan". In debates in the House of Lords, the archbishop is referred to as "The Most Reverend Primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury". "The Right Honourable" is not used in either instance. He may also be formally addressed as "Your Grace"—or, more often these days, simply as "Archbishop", "Father" or (in the current instance) "Dr Williams".

The Archbishop of Canterbury's official London residence is Lambeth Palace, photographed looking east across the River Thames.

The surname of the Archbishop of Canterbury is not always used in formal documents; often only the first name and see are mentioned. The archbishop is legally entitled to sign his name as "Cantuar" (from the Latin for Canterbury). The right to use only a title as a legal signature is only permitted to bishops, Peers of the Realm and peers by courtesy. The current Archbishop of Canterbury usually signs as "+Rowan Cantuar:".

In the English order of precedence, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ranked above all individuals in the realm, with the exception of the Sovereign and members of the Royal Family.^[13] Immediately below him is the Lord Chancellor and then the Archbishop of York.

Residences[link]

The Archbishop of Canterbury's official residence in London is Lambeth Palace. He also has a residence next to Canterbury Cathedral on the site of the medieval Archbishop's Palace. The archbishops had palaces on the periphery of London and on the route between London and Canterbury.

Former palaces of the archbishops include

• Croydon Palace: the summer residence of the Archbishops from the 15th to the 18th centuries.
• Addington Palace: purchased as a replacement for Croydon Palace in 1807; sold in 1897.
• Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone: constructed in the 1390s, the palace was seized by the Crown at the time of the Reformation.
• Otford Palace: a medieval palace, rebuilt by Archbishop Warham c. 1515 and forfeited to the Crown by Thomas Cranmer in 1537.
• Archbishop's Palace, Charing: a palace existed from at least the 13th century; seized by the Crown after the Dissolution.
• Knole House: built by Archbishop Bourchier in the second half of the 15th century, it was forfeited to the Crown by Archbishop Cranmer in 1538.
• The Old Palace, Bekesbourne, built c. 1552 for Archbishop Cranmer^[14]

See also[link]

• Accord of Winchester
• List of Archbishops of Canterbury
• Religion in the United Kingdom
• Pope
• Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
• Supreme Governor of the Church of England

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Archbishops of Canterbury

• Archbishop of Canterbury – official website
• The Archbishopric of Canterbury, from Its Foundation to the Norman Conquest, by John William Lamb", Published 1971, Faith Press, from Google Book Search