Civil society is the arena outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests. It is sometimes considered to include the family and the private sphere and then referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business. Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon defines civil society as 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government. Sometimes the term is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary).
The term entered public discourse in the United States in the 1980s. However its tradition is much richer and longstanding.
Volunteering is often considered a defining characteristic of the organizations that constitute civil society, which in turn are often called NGOs, or NPOs.
A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups.
Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap.
A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively within criminology.
Helmut K. Anheier (born April 4, 1954) is an academic currently serving as Dean of the Hertie School of Governance. His research interests include methodological questions of sociological research with different units of analysis, organizational theory and the interaction of globalisation and civil society more broadly.
Anheier was educated at the University of Trier in Germany and at Yale, and after completing a PhD in 1986 based on 15 month of field work in West Africa for data gathering. Dr. Anheier worked in the late 1980s as a social affairs officer at the United Nations. His academic career included posts at Rutgers and the London School of Economics, where Anheier held a Centennial Professorship and founded and directed the Centre for Civil Society; he then moved to UCLA where he established the Center for Civil Society. From the year 2000 on he published several articles and encyclopedia entries about the normative dimension of "civil" society as an anlytical concept for sociological investigations and re-introduced the notion of "civility". At UCLA he was from 2001 - 2009 Professor of Public Policy and Social Welfare.
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