Meritocracy, in the first, most administrative sense, is a system of government or other administration (such as business administration) wherein appointments and responsibilities are objectively assigned to individuals based upon their "merits", namely intelligence, credentials, and education, determined through evaluations or examinations. The "most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, and most likely as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests." Supporters of meritocracies do not necessarily agree on the nature of "merit", however they tend to agree that "merit" itself should be a primary consideration during evaluation.
In a more general sense, meritocracy can refer to any form of government based on achievement. Like "utilitarian" and "pragmatic", the word "meritocratic" has also developed a broader definition, and can used to refer to any government run by "a ruling or influential class of educated or able people." This is in contrast to the term originally coined by Michael Young in 1958, who critically defined it as a system where "merit is equated with intelligence-plus-effort, its possessors are identified at an early age and selected for appropriate intensive education, and there is an obsession with quantification, test-scoring, and qualifications." Meritocracy in its wider sense can be any general act of judgment upon the basis of people's various demonstrated merits; such acts are frequently described in sociology and psychology. Thus, the merits may extend beyond intelligence and education to any mental or physical talent or to work ethic. In rhetoric, the demonstration of one's merit regarding mastery of a particular subject is an essential task most directly related to the Aristotelian term Ethos. The equivalent Aristotelian conception of meritocracy is based upon aristocratic or oligarchical structures rather than in the context of the modern state.
Alain de Botton, FRSL (born Zurich, 20 December 1969) is a Swiss writer, philosopher, television presenter and entrepreneur, resident in the United Kingdom. His books and television programmes discuss various contemporary subjects and themes, emphasizing philosophy's relevance to everyday life. At 23, he published Essays In Love (1993), which went on to sell two million copies. Other bestsellers include How Proust Can Change Your Life (1997), Status Anxiety (2004) and The Architecture Of Happiness (2006). In August 2008, he was a founding member of a new educational establishment in central London called The School of Life. In May 2009, he was a founding member of a new architectural organization called "Living Architecture". In October that year, de Botton was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, in recognition of his services to architecture. In 2011, de Botton was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL).
Born in Zurich, de Botton comes from a Sephardic Jewish family, originating from a small Castilian town of Boton (now vanished) on the Iberian peninsula. His ancestors include Abraham de Boton. His paternal grandmother was Yolande Harmer. His father, Gilbert de Botton, was the co-founder of Global Asset Management. His wealth was estimated by one source to be £234 million in 1999. He has one sister Miel and they received a secular upbringing. De Botton spent the first twelve years of his life in Switzerland where he was brought up to speak French and German.
I broke the doldrums of my dreary dreams
The london bridge kept fallin down
I blew my coop and flew to new orleans
To feast my heart on higher ground
I wanna thank you for the love you bring
Louisiana is a song I sing
Me oh my I dont know what to do
But love you
Voila! the marshal frand of mardi gras
A royal rascal smack dab in his prime
One billon blue doubloons and a single straw
In a royal flask of cajun wine
I wanna thank you for the love we made
Louisiana is a sweet parade
Me oh my I dont know what to do
But love you
I wanna thank you for the love you shine
Louisiana is a love of mine
Me oh my I dont know what to do
But love you
I broke the doldrums of my dreary dreams
The London Bridge kept fallin' down
I blew my coop and flew to New Orleans
To feast my heart on higher ground
I wanna thank you for the love you bring
Louisiana is a song I sing
Me oh my I don't know what to do
but love you
Voila! The marshal frand of mardi gras
A royal rascal smack dab in his prime
One billon blue doubloons and a single straw
In a royal flask of cajun wine
I wanna thank you for the love we made
Louisiana is a sweet parade
Me oh my I don't know what to do
But love you
I wanna thank you for the love you shine
Louisiana is a love of mine
Me oh my I don't know what to do
But love you
Oh mardi gras!
Un p'tit sourire...
Vivement mardi gras qu'on puisse enfin se déguiser
Comme l'année passée on va avoir un tas d'idées
Des marquises, des fées, des cow-boys, des plombiers
Des douzaines d'infirmières et 53 sapeurs pompiers
Des plus mal observés a ceux qui auraient pu mieux faire
On prépare la soirée dans une ambiance du tonnerre
Y'a toujours un malin pour se déguiser en mouche
En cuvette de WC ou en escargot qui louche
Ceux la 'faut qu'ils expliquent car c'est pas très évident
Aux amis étonnés l'idée de leur déguisement
Au cours de la soirée on tombe souvent nez a nez
Avec un faux Coluche qui essaye de vous faire marrer
Y'a toujours un public pour ce genre de rigolo
Qui s'étrangle de rire en s'empiffrant de p'tits gâteaux
Dans un p'tit canapé un groupe de gens pas déguisés
Prétend avec fierté qu'il n'aime pas ces festivités
N'empêche qu'ils sont partout faisant chaque fois acte de présence
C'est les mieux déguisés dans leur tenue de suffisance
On apporte le dessert 'faut éteindre toutes les lumières
Car en plus aujourd'hui on célèbre un anniversaire
En soufflant les bougies on fait voler le sucre glace
Qu'un genre d'Henry Guybet va recevoir en pleine face
Quand la fête est finie il reste toujours quelques amis
Pleins de bonne volonté pour vous aider a nettoyer
Il faut se dépêcher car demain on va au boulot
Samedi tout l'monde revient pour la super soirée diapos
Vivement mardi gras qu'on puisse enfin se déguiser
Comme l'année passée on va avoir un tas d'ides
Des marquises, des fées, des cow-boys, des plombiers
Des douzaines d'infirmières et 53 sapeurs pompiers
Des plus mal observés a ceux qui auraient pu mieux faire
On prépare la soirée dans une ambiance du tonnerre