Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 -- 10 February 1923) was a German physicist_* who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today that was known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Wilhelm Roentgen or Röntgen made medical history by discovering what are now called X-rays. His Early Life and Education Born on March 27, 1845 in the small town of Lennep (Rhine Province) in Germany; Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was the only child of a cloth merchant. He was raised in the Netherlands because his family moved to Apeldoorn when he was still three. For his early education he went to a boarding school in Apeldoorn named, Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn. He was not a sparkling student rather he was keenly interested in nature during his young years. In 1862, he joined Ambachtsschool; a technical school in Utrecht. There he got involved in a contrivance against one of his teachers and was expelled subsequently. In 1865, he studied mechanical engineering at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich having failed to get admission in University of Utrecht lacking required credentials. There he flourished greatly under the influence of the teachers like Kundt and Clausius. He graduated from the University of Zurich and received his Ph.D. in 1869. In the same year, he assisted Kundt and followed him to Wurzburg and then to the University of Strasburg in 1873. His Professional Career Year Position Institution 1874 Lecturer University of Strasburg 1875 Professor Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim, Wurttemberg 1876 Professor of Physics University of Strasburg 1879 Chair of Physics University of Giessen 1888 Chair of Physics University of Wurzburg 1900 Chair of Physics University of Munich It is important to mention that he declined invitations for the chair of physics from the Universities of Jena and Utrecht in 1886 and 1888 respectively. In 1899, he also declined a similar offer from University of Leipzig as well. In later years, he was offered the Presidency of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt at Berlin which he did not take and also refused to take the Chair of Physics of the Berlin Academy. Discovery of X-ray Beams Wilhelm Roentgen was already working on the effects of cathode rays during 1895, before he actually discovered X-rays. His experiments involved the passing of electric current through gases at extremely low pressure. On November 8, 1895 while he was experimenting, he observed that certain rays were emitted during the passing of the current through discharge tube. His experiment that involved working in a totally dark room with a well covered discharge tube resulted in the emission of rays which illuminated a barium platinocyanide covered screen. The screen became fluorescent even though it was placed in the path of the rays, two meters away from discharge tube. He continued his experiments using photographic plate to capture the image of various objects of random thickness placed in the path of the rays. He generated the very first "roentgenogram" by developing the image of his wife's hand and analyzed the variable transparency as showed by her bones, flesh and her wedding ring. Based on his subsequent research and experiments, he declared that X-ray beams are produced by the impact of cathode rays on material objects. The Nobel Prize His discovery revolutionized the entire medical profession and set foundation for diagnostic radiology. In 1901, Roentgen received the first ever Nobel Prize in Physics. This was a true acknowledgement of his remarkable discovery which was going to be highly beneficial for mankind in the coming years. Wilhelm Roentgen died on February 10, 1923 in Munich at the age of 77. X-radiation (x-ray) They have extremely short wavelength and high frequency with wavelengths ranging from about 10−8 to 10−12 meter and corresponding frequencies from about 1016 to 1020 hertz (Hz). The frequency of X-rays is higher than the frequency of ultraviolet light but less than that of a gamma ray. X-rays are extensively used in medicine and industry to produce images of internal structures because they are absorbed by many forms of matter, including body tissues. History of X-rays A few of the many important people who have been involved in the research and study of X-rays are listed below: Johan Hittorf 1824 - 1914 A German physicist who co-invented the Crookes tube Ivan Pulyui 1845 - 1918 A Ukrainian physicist & lecturer who assembled several designs of vacuum discharge tube Nikola Tesla 1856 - 1943 He studied X-rays using specially designed single-electrode tube (Bremsstrahlung process) Fernando Sanford 1854 - 1948 A Professor of Physics who generated and detected X-rays in vacuum tubes Philipp Lenard 1862 - 1947 He won the Nobel Prize for Physics for discovering many properties of the cathode rays Wilhelm Röntgen

• published: 19 Apr 2014
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