An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court or court of appeals (American English) or appeal court (British English), is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts. A jurisdiction's supreme court is that jurisdiction's highest appellate court. Appellate courts nationwide can operate by varying rules.
Many U.S. jurisdictions title their appellate court a court of appeal or court of appeals. Historically, others have titled their appellate court a court of errors (or court of errors and appeals), on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts. Examples of such courts include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals (which existed from 1844 to 1947), the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court), the Kentucky Court of Errors (renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court), and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals (since renamed the Supreme Court of Mississippi). In some jurisdictions, courts able to hear appeals are known as an appellate division.
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William F. Rylaarsdam (born February 13, 1937) is an Associate Justice on the California Courts of Appeal, Fourth District, Division Three. He was appointed by Governor Pete Wilson and, after his confirmation, took the oath of office on April 10, 1995. He was retained by voters in the November 5, 2002 election.
Rylaarsdam graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1957 and went on to receive his law degree from Loyola Law School in 1964. In 1998, he received his Master of Laws degree from the University of Virginia School of Law. He is currently married with four children and seven grandchildren.
Rylaarsdam began his career in 1964 as an attorney practicing civil litigation. He was among counsel of record to the defendants in a landmark insurance bad faith case decided by the Supreme Court of California in 1973, in which the Court ruled that the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing applies to all insurance, not just liability insurance.
He worked for various private firms in Los Angeles, Pasadena, and Newport Beach until 1985, when Governor George Deukmejian appointed him to the Los Angeles Superior Court. The next year, he was transferred to the Orange County Superior Court. He worked there until his appointment to the Fourth District, Division Three Court of Appeal in 1995.
Hon. Peter Gatirau Munya is the Assistant Minister, Ministry of East African Community. He is the 2nd Member of Parliament for Tigania East Constituency, Meru County in Central Kenya, and a leading contender for the Meru County Governor’s Seat. The son of Mr. Jackson Munya M'Rukunga and Mrs. Grace Mwakithi; born and raised in Muthaara, Meru County.
He sat for and passed his ‘O’ Levels at Chogoria Boys High School, and proceeded to Meru School for his ‘A’ levels. At Meru School, Hon. Peter Munya was the Chairman of the Debating Club and a winner of the Provincial Public Speaking Competition.
In 1993 he graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree (LLB Hons), from the University of Nairobi. At the University of Nairobi, Peter Munya was twice elected, in 1992 and 1993, chair of the Kenya Law Students Society (KLLS). Upon graduation, he took up internship at Kamau Kuria and Kiraitu Advocates in Nairobi.
In January 1995 he went on to the University of Brussels, Belgium, on a Belgium Embassy scholarship. He undertook and attained a Masters Degree in International Law (International Economic Integration Law). He proceeded to University of Georgia, USA, where he attained a second Masters Degree in Law (Public International Law).