Octavo (abbreviated 8vo or 8°) is a technical term describing the format of a book, which refers to the size of leaves produced from folding a full sheet of paper on which multiple pages of text were printed to form the individual sections (or gatherings) of a book. An octavo is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper on which 16 pages of text were printed, which were then folded three times to produce eight leaves. Each leaf of an octavo book thus represents one eighth the size of the original sheet. Other common book formats are folios and quartos. Octavo is also used as a general description of size of books that are about 8 to 10 inches tall, and as such does not necessarily indicate the actual printing format of the books, which may even be unknown as is the case for many modern books. These terms are discussed in greater detail in Book sizes.

Format[link]

An octavo is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper on which 16 pages of text were printed, which were then folded three times to produce eight leaves. Each leaf of an octavo book thus represents one eighth the size of the original sheet.

There are many variations in how octavos were produced. For example, bibliographers call a book printed as an octavo (eight leaves per full sheet), but bound in gatherings of 4 leaves each, an "octavo in 4s." ^[1]

The actual size of an octavo book depends on the size of the full sheet of paper on which it was printed. The size of such sheets varied in different localities and times. A sixteenth century octavo printed in France or Italy is about the size of a modern cheap paperback, whereas an eighteenth century octavo printed in England is larger, about the size of a modern hardcover novel.

The Gutenberg Bible was printed as a folio in about 1455, in which four pages of text were printed on each sheet of paper, which were then folded once. Several such folded conjugate pairs of leaves were inserted inside another to produce the sections or gatherings, which were then sewn together to form the final book.

The oldest surviving octavo book apparently is the so-called "Turkish calendar" for 1455, presumably printed in late 1454, about the same time as the Gutenberg Bible.^[2][3] Numerous other octavos survive beginning from about 1461.^[4] The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue currently lists about 28,100 different editions of surviving books, pamphlets and broadsides (some fragmentary only) printed before 1501 ^[5] of which about 2,850 are octavos,^[6] representing 10 percent of all works in the catalog.

Beginning in 1501, Aldus Manutius of Venice began to print classical works in small octavo format which were easily portable. These editions contained only the text of the works, without the commentary and notes, and became extremely popular with educated readers. As a result, Aldus became closely associated with the octavo format.^[7]

Size[link]

Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, technology permitted the manufacture of large sheets or rolls of paper on which books were printed, many text pages at a time. As a result, it may be impossible to determine the actual format (i.e., the number of leaves formed from each sheet fed into a press). The term "octavo" as applied to such books may refer simply to the size of the book. The use of the term "octavo" as applied to such books refers to books which are generally between 8 to 10 inches (200 to 250 mm) tall, the most common size for modern hardbound books. More specific sizes are denoted by reference to certain paper sizes as follows:

• Foolscap octavo (6¾" by 4¼") (170 mm x 108 mm)
• Crown octavo (7½" by 5") (190 mm x 126 mm)
• Demy octavo (8¾" by 5⅝") (221 mm x 142 mm)
• Royal octavo (10" by 6¼") (253 mm x 158 mm)

References[link]

See also[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Octavo.

• Book size
• Bookbinding
• Folio
• Quarto

Stephen R. Covey
Born	(1932-10-24) October 24, 1932 (age 79) Salt Lake City, Utah
Education	B.S. MBA DRE
Alma mater	University of Utah Harvard Business School Brigham Young University
Occupation	Author, professional speaker, professor, consultant, management-expert
Spouse	Sandra Covey

Stephen Richards Covey (born October 24, 1932 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is the author of the best-selling book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Other books he has written include First Things First, Principle-Centered Leadership, and The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families. In 2004, Covey released The 8th Habit. In 2008, Covey released The Leader In Me—How Schools and Parents Around the World Are Inspiring Greatness, One Child at a Time. He is a professor at the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business at Utah State University.

Early life[link]

Covey is the son of Stephen Glenn Covey and his wife Irene Louise Richards. Louise is the daughter of Stephen L Richards, an apostle and counselor in the first presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under David O. McKay.^{[citation needed]}

Education[link]

Covey earned a B.S. in business administration from the University of Utah, an MBA from Harvard University, and a Doctor of Religious Education (DRE) from Brigham Young University. Covey is a brother of Pi Kappa Alpha International Fraternity. He has been awarded ten honorary doctorates.^[1]

Books[link]

[edit] The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, Covey's best-known book, has sold more than 25 million copies worldwide since its first publication in 1989. (The audio version became the first non-fiction audio-book in U.S. publishing history to sell more than one million copies.)^{[citation needed]} Covey argues against what he calls "The Personality Ethic", something he sees as prevalent in many modern self-help books. He instead promotes what he labels "The Character Ethic": aligning one’s values with so-called "universal and timeless" principles. Covey adamantly refuses to conflate principles and values; he sees principles as external natural laws, while values remain internal and subjective. Covey proclaims that values govern people's behavior, but principles ultimately determine the consequences. Covey presents his teachings in a series of habits, manifesting as a progression from dependence via independence to interdependence.

[edit] Follow-ups to The Seven Habits

One of the sequels to The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People - 'The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families'

Follow-up titles to The Seven Habits aim both to add to the original and to form a cohesive philosophy on personal, principle-based leadership. One of the popular follow-up titles is The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families which is based on applying the seven habits in family life. These follow-up titles come in the format of audio books as well (such as the title Beyond The 7 Habits). Covey has also written a number of learning-books for children. His son, Sean Covey, has written a version for teens and adults: The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Teens. This version simplifies Covey's 7 habits in order for younger readers to better understand them.

[edit] The 8th Habit

In 2004, Covey's book The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness was published by Free Press (an imprint of Simon and Schuster). It functions as the sequel to The Seven Habits. Covey claims that effectiveness does not suffice in what he calls "The Knowledge Worker Age". He proclaims that "[t]he challenges and complexity we face today are of a different order of magnitude." The 8th habit essentially urges: "Find your voice and inspire others to find theirs..."

[edit] The Leader in Me

In November 2008, Covey released a new book The Leader in Me—How Schools and Parents Around the World Are Inspiring Greatness, One Child at a Time. This book tells the story of how extraordinary schools, parents and business leaders are preparing the next generation to meet the great challenges and opportunities of the 21st Century. The Leader in Me shows how one elementary school in Raleigh, North Carolina decided to try incorporating The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and other basic leadership skills into their school’s curriculum in unique and creative ways. Inspired by the amazing success of Principal Muriel Summers and the teachers and staff of A.B. Combs Elementary School in Raleigh, other schools and parents around the world have adopted the approach and have seen remarkable results.^[2]

Other projects[link]

FranklinCovey[link]

Covey established the "Covey Leadership Center" which, in 1997, merged with Franklin Quest to form FranklinCovey, a global professional-services firm and specialty-retailer selling both training and productivity-tools to individuals and to organizations. Their mission statement reads: "We enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere".

In 2009, Covey launched a career development webinar series to help people struggling in the economic downturn. He plans to offer timely and current topics on a regular basis.^{[citation needed]}

Stephen Covey Online Community[link]

In March 2008 Covey launched the Stephen Covey's Online Community. The site is a mash up of online courses, goal management and social networking. Covey uses it as a place to teach his most recent thoughts and ideas on current topics and self leadership, his books as well as goal setting and reaching. The content is shared via videos, podcasts, printable text and online activities. Users are also able to set personal goals, track their progress and share their progress with others within the community.

Utah State University[link]

In February 2010, Covey announced his hire as a professor and first incumbent of the Jon M. Huntsman Presidential Chair in Leadership at the Huntsman School of Business at Utah State University. Huntsman and Covey are longtime friends. At USU, he will teach courses, perform research, and is also helping to establish the Stephen R. Covey Center for Leadership, in order to better train students in innovation and ethics.^[3]

Education initiatives[link]

Covey has developed his 2008 book The Leader in Me into several education-related projects. On April 20, 2010 he made his first post to an education blog entitled Our Children and the Crisis in Education which appears on the Huffington Post news and blog-aggregation website. FranklinCovey has also established a website dedicated exclusively to the Leader In Me concept,^[4] and it holds periodic conferences and workshops to train elementary school administrators who want to integrate the Leader In Me process into their school's academic culture.^[5]

Opposition to same-sex marriage[link]

Stephen Covey has been controversially^[6] active in opposition to same-sex marriage, including giving the keynote address at a $1,000 a plate fund-raiser in Honolulu for Save Traditional Marriage 98 ("STM98"), a political action committee sponsoring a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriages.^[7]

Personal[link]

Family[link]

Covey lives with his wife Sandra and their family in Provo, Utah, home to Brigham Young University, where Covey taught prior to the publication of his best-selling book. A father of nine and a grandfather of fifty-two, he received the Fatherhood Award from the National Fatherhood Initiative in 2003.

Religion[link]

Covey is a practicing member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served a two-year mission in England for the LDS Church.^[8] Covey served as the first president of the Irish Mission of the church starting in July 1962.^[9]

When Covey studied as an MBA student at Harvard, he would on occasion preach to crowds on Boston Common.^[10]

Covey has authored several devotional works for Latter-day Saint or Mormon readers, including:

• Spiritual Roots of Human Relations (1970)
• The Divine Center (1982)
• 6 Events: The Restoration Model for Solving Life's Problems (2004).

Honors and awards[link]

• The Thomas More College^{[disambiguation needed ]} Medallion for continuing service to humanity^[11]
• The National Entrepreneur of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award for Entrepreneurial Leadership^[11]
• The 1994 International Entrepreneur of the Year Award^[11]
• One of Time Magazine's 25 most influential Americans of 1996^[11]
• The Sikh's 1998 International Man of Peace Award^[11]
• 2003 Fatherhood Award from the National Fatherhood Initiative^[12]
• 2004 Golden Gavel award from Toastmasters International^[13]
• Accepted the inaugural Corporate Core Values Award from the California University of Pennsylvania on behalf of the FranklinCovey Corporation^{[citation needed]} at the "national Franklin Covey Conference" (December 2006).^[14]
• Will be inducted into the Utah Valley Entrepreneurial Forum Hall of Fame on November 14, 2009^[15]
• Maharishi Award from Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa
• International Entrepreneur of the Year Award

See also[link]

• Latter-day Saint movement in Ireland.

Bibliography[link]

• Spiritual Roots of Human Relations (1970) (ISBN 0-87579-705-9).
• The Divine Center (1982) (ISBN 1-59038-404-0).
• The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (1989, 2004) (ISBN 0-671-70863-5).
• Principle Centered Leadership (1990) (ISBN 0-671-79280-6).
• First Things First, co-authored with Roger and Rebecca Merrill (1994) (ISBN 0-684-80203-1).
• Living the Seven Habits (2000) (ISBN 0-684-85716-2).
• 6 Events: The Restoration Model for Solving Life's Problems (2004) (ISBN 1-57345-187-8).
• The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness (2004) (ISBN 0-684-84665-9).
• Quest: The Spiritual Path to Success by Stephen R. Covey (Editor) (1997), with Thomas Moore, Mark Victor Hansen, David Whyte, Bernie Siegel, Gabrielle Roth and Marianne Williamson. Simon & Schuster AudioBook ISBN 978-0-671-57484-0
• The Leader in Me: How Schools and Parents Around the World Are Inspiring Greatness, One Child At a Time (2008) (ISBN 1-43910-326-7).
• The 3rd Alternative: Solving Life's Most Difficult Problems (2011) (ISBN 978-1451626261)

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Stephen Covey on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	Quotations from Wikiquote

• Stephen Covey's official site
• FranklinCovey's official site
• ISSSP Profile
• IMNO Interview of Stephen R. Covey
• Global Dharma Center's interview with Stephen Covey on Spiritual Based Leadership
• A Direct Interview with Stephen Covey

Emma Bunton
Bunton at Britains Pride Event 2011
Background information
Birth name	Emma Lee Bunton
Also known as	Baby Spice
Born	(1976-01-21) 21 January 1976 (age 36) Finchley, London, England
Origin	London, England
Genres	Pop, adult contemporary
Occupations	Singer-songwriter TV and radio presenter
Years active	1994–present
Labels	Virgin (1996–2007) Polydor (2003–04) 19 (2004–07) (US) Universal Music (2004–07)
Associated acts	Spice Girls
Website	emmabuntonofficial.com

Emma Lee Bunton (born 21 January 1976) is a British pop singer/songwriter and TV and radio presenter. She was a member of the 1990s girl group, the Spice Girls, in which she was known as Baby Spice as she was the youngest member. In 2010, she joined the judging panel on ITV's Dancing on Ice. She is also the host of Heart FM Saturday afternoon drive-time slot.

Her debut solo album A Girl Like Me was released in the United Kingdom on 16 April 2001 by Virgin Records. The album debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart. On 7 September 2001, A Girl Like Me was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies,^[1] ultimately becoming the 147th best-selling album in the UK for 2001.^[2] The album brought the UK number-one "What Took You So Long?" as well as top five hits "What I Am" (a cover of a 1988 song by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians) and "Take My Breath Away" and the top 20 hit "We're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight". The album sold 125,000 copies in the UK.

Bunton's second album, Free Me, was released in 2004 through 19 Entertainment/Universal Records. Four singles were taken from it: "Free Me", "Maybe", "I'll Be There" and "Crickets Sing For Anamaria". The album spent over twelve weeks inside the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number seven and selling over 141,712 copies, earning gold award status. After Free Me and Maybe were released as singles and had success in the American dance charts, the album was released in North America.^{[citation needed]}

Biography[link]

1976–92: Early life and career beginnings[link]

Bunton was born in Finchley, North London, brought up as a Catholic, and grew up in Woodside Park.^[3] Her parents, Pauline, a karate instructor, and Trevor, a milkman, split up when she was 11, after which she stayed with her mother. She has a younger brother, Paul James.^[4] Bunton went to St. Theresa's Primary School in Finchley, then to Sylvia Young Theatre School in Marylebone.^{[citation needed]} She appeared briefly in the BBC series EastEnders in 1992 as a mugger.^[5] In 1993, she appeared in the ITV1 police series, The Bill, and also made a brief appearance as a prostitute in the BBC drama series To Play the King. After appearing on the show she was offered a temporary role as a troubled prostitute trying to kick her drug habit, but she turned it down because she wanted to maintain a wholesome image.^{[citation needed]} Bunton also appeared in a public information film for the British government concerning fire safety.^[6]

1993–2000: Spice Girls[link]

She joined the Spice Girls (then called Touch) in 1993 after Michelle Stephenson left.^{[citation needed]} Bunton was called Baby Spice because she was the youngest, had long blonde pigtails, wore babydoll dresses and had a girly girl personality.^{[citation needed]}

The debut single Wannabe was the first of nine number ones in the United Kingdom for the Spice Girls, and reached the top in 37 countries.^{[citation needed]} As a songwriter, Bunton set the shortest time to achieve six No.1 UK singles, one year and five months from Wannabe to Too Much.^{[citation needed]} In 1999, she presented Emma on VH1. She recorded "(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind" for the film Pokémon: The First Movie.

[edit] 2001–05: A Girl Like Me and Free Me

Her debut solo album A Girl Like Me, released in the United Kingdom on 16 April 2001 by Virgin Records. The album debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart, with 21,500 copies sold in its first week. Although initial success was promising, A Girl Like Me fell down the chart quickly. However, singles "What Took You So Long?", "Take My Breath Away", and "We're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight" helped the album stay on the UK Albums Chart for several weeks. On 7 September 2001, A Girl Like Me was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies,^[1] ultimately becoming the 147th best-selling album in the UK for 2001.^[2] Lacklustre sales may be partially explained by the fact that the album was not released in Latin America (except in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile) and North America. The album brought the UK number-one "What Took You So Long?" as well as top five hits "What I Am" (a cover of a 1988 song by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians) and "Take My Breath Away" and the top 20 hit "We're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight". The album sold 125,000 copies in the UK.^{[citation needed]} Disappointing sales led to Bunton's leaving Virgin in 2002.^[7]

Bunton's second album, Free Me, was released in 2003 through 19 Entertainment/Universal Records. Four singles were taken from it: "Free Me", "Maybe", "I'll Be There" and "Crickets Sing For Anamaria". After success in the American dance charts the album was sold in North America.^{[citation needed]} The American edition included remixes and a different cover.^{[citation needed]} The album was the second to follow her 2001 release, A Girl Like Me, and spent over twelve weeks inside the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number seven and selling over 141,712 copies, earning gold award status. The album was widely acclaimed by critics as being the "one of best solo Spice records ever" due to its catchy and fun use of sounds from the Motown and the 1960s era. The album was largely produced by Mike Peden and Yak Bondy, who have produced tracks for S Club 7 and Lucie Silvas, to name a few. Other contributions on the album courtesy of Cathy Dennis, Henry Binns and Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi. "One Thing I Know", an unreleased track co-written by Bunton for Free Me, was recorded by another 19 Management act, S Club 8, for their album Sundown. Bunton's original vocals can clearly be heard on S Club 8's version.

The lead single, "Free Me", was released in the spring of 2003. The song immediately picked up airplay, and the single sold well in the UK, peaking at number five on the UK Singles Chart. "Maybe" was released as the second single in the autumn of 2003, and also gained extensive airplay throughout the UK, peaking at number six, one position lower than its predecessor.

In the spring of 2004, the album and its third single, "I'll Be There", were released. The single, like its two predecessors, performed well on the charts, peaking at number seven, one position below "Maybe", and two positions below "Free Me". The album sold more copies in its first week then her debut solo record had, and would ultimately go on to outsell it by 25,000 copies. With this, Bunton became the only Spice Girls member to have sold more copies of her second album than her first in UK. Later in the year, the fourth single, "Crickets Sing for Anamaria", was released. Despite its harder beat and grittier sound, by now the impact of Free Me was beginning to wear off, and the song only came in at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart, totalling 25,000 copies, and becoming Bunton's lowest-selling single.

In the U.S., both "Free Me" and "Maybe" were dance club regulars, reaching number four and number six on the U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play respectively. In 2005, Bunton filmed guest roles in two Bollywood films: Pyaar Mein Twist and Chocolate: Deep Dark Secrets.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] 2006–08: Life in Mono and return of the Spice Girls

Bunton performing during the return of the Spice Girls tour in 2007

In October 2006, Bunton was a contestant in the BBC programme Strictly Come Dancing, partnered by Darren Bennett. She finished third place in the final.^{[citation needed]}

In November 2006, Bunton released the charity single for the BBC Children in Need appeal, recording Petula Clark's 1960s song "Downtown". It reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and was followed by her third studio album, Life in Mono on 4 December.^{[citation needed]} The album was originally set for a November release in the UK, however it was later pushed back to 4 December 2006. Life In Mono, much like her previous album, Free Me, experimented with elements of 1960s pop music. For this particular album the musical arrangement was more directed towards the '60s French pop music, with some elements of British '60s pop and Motown. The first single taken from the album was a cover of Petula Clark's 1964 hit single "Downtown", released on 13 November. "Downtown" is the 2006 BBC Children in Need official charity single and reached No.3 in the UK singles chart. "All I Need to Know" was released as second single.

Bunton had been working on her third release since winter 2004. The album's title track is a cover version of the hit "Life in Mono" by 1990s trip hop band Mono, best known through its usage in the 1998 film Great Expectations. The track "Take Me to Another Town" contains a sample from Herb Alpert's 1965 "Green Peppers". Due to Emma’s pregnancy all forms of promotion were cancelled after a few months. Rumours of a third single surfaced through sites after Emma stated she was thinking of releasing a third single, however this never came. The songs I Wasn’t Looking (When I Found Love), Perfect Strangers and Take Me To Another Town were rumoured.

Although it sold almost 13,000 copies in its first week, the album was Emma's first not to reach the UK Top 10. It debuted on the UK Albums Chart at No.65 on 10 December 2006 falling to No.75 in its second week and dropped out of the chart the following week. On the whole, the album sold around 60,000 copies in the UK. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at 65, selling 13,000 copies in its first week.^{[citation needed]} The second single from it was "All I Need to Know", on 12 February 2007, intended for Valentine's Day. Bunton shot the video around Old Street in East London, in the week before Christmas 2006.^[8] Entering the UK Singles Chart at 60, "All I Need to Know" became the lowest-charting single of Bunton's solo career.^{[citation needed]}

Bunton has been seen in a television commercial for the supermarket chain Tesco. She also had a cameo role on the Australian soap opera Neighbours on the episode titled "What's a Spice Girl Like You...?", aired on 19 March 2007 in Australia, and on 25 May 2007 in the UK.^{[citation needed]} Bunton returned to US screens with a nationwide commercial for Prego in May 2007.^{[citation needed]}

In July 2008, Bunton stood in as co-presenter alongside Richard Madeley on the UK television show Richard & Judy while Judy Finnigan was recovering from a knee operation. In October 2008, Bunton appeared on the UK series of The X Factor to assist judge Dannii Minogue in choosing the three best over-25s acts to take to the live X Factor finals. In December 2008, Bunton debuted as a member of the panel on Loose Women on ITV.^{[citation needed]}

2009–present: Television and radio work[link]

In February, and again between May and June 2009, she starred as guest presenter on Heart London's Heart Breakfast alongside Jamie Theakston and Harriet Scott.^[9] Bunton began hosting her own pre-recorded Saturday drive time ^[10] radio show on Heart in the Saturday afternoon slot 4pm – 7pm starting on Saturday 13 June 2009.^[11]

In January 2010, Emma joined the "Ice Panel" on ITV dancing show Dancing on Ice replacing former judge Ruthie Henshall. She stepped down from this role on 2 December 2011 in order to pursue new projects.^{[citation needed]} In February 2010, Bunton appeared in a UK National Television campaign first aired during Coronation Street,^[12] showing her in the Heart Radio studios at the start and the end of the advert. In summer 2010, she presented the Five program Don't Stop Believing.

In August 2010 she guest presented GMTV with Lorraine on GMTV. On 8 October 2010,^[13] 19 November 2010 and 7 January 2011,^[14] she guest presented Lorraine on ITV Breakfast. Bunton is providing maternity leave cover for Heart Breakfast co-presenter Harriet Scott from 3 October until 23 December 2011 on Heart London.^[15] On January 2012, Bunton reprised her role as one of fictional PR manager Edina Monsoon's disgruntled clients in a revival of the BBC's Absolutely Fabulous.

Personal life[link]

Bunton's long-term partner since 2000 is former Damage and CherryBlackStone lead singer Jade Jones. Bunton – after being proposed to on 21 January 2011, the day of her 35th birthday – announced her engagement to Jones during an episode of Dancing on Ice on 23 January 2011.^[16] The couple have two sons: Beau Lee Jones born on 10 August 2007 at the Portland Hospital in London,^[17] and Tate Lee Jones born on 6 May 2011.^[18]

Filmography[link]

Film

Television

• ¹: Emma presented the program Richard & Judy while Judy Finnigan was recovering from a knee operation.
• ²: Emma stood in for Fearne Cotton as a team captain as Fearne was absent for the episode.
• ³: Emma stood in for Holly Willoughby as a team captain as Holly was absent for the episode.

Radio

Discography[link]

• 2001: A Girl Like Me
• 2004: Free Me
• 2006: Life in Mono

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Emma Bunton

• Official website
• Emma Bunton at the Internet Movie Database