Nanyue (Chinese: 南越; pinyin: Nányuè; Cantonese Yale: Nàahm-yuht) (Vietnamese: Nam Việt) was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan and northern Vietnam. Nanyue was established in 204 BC at the final collapse of the Qin Dynasty by Zhao Tuo, who was the military commander of Nanhai Commandery at the time, and initially comprised the Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang Commanderies. In 196 BC, Zhao Tuo made tributary obeisance to the Emperor Gaozu of Han and Nanyue was referred to by Han leaders as a "foreign servant" (Chinese: 外臣), synecdoche for a vassal state. Around 183 BC, relations between the Nanyue and the Han Dynasty soured, and Zhao Tuo began to refer to himself as an emperor (suggesting Nanyue's sovereignty). The kingdoms of Minyue, Yelang, Ouluo and Tongshi declared their allegiance to Nanyue rule, greatly expanding Nanyue's territory and control. In 179 BC, relations between the Han and Nanyue improved, and Zhao Tuo once again made submission, this time to Emperor Wen of Han as an subject state. The submission was somewhat superficial, as Nanyue seems to have retained autonomy from the Han, and Zhao Tuo was referred as "Emperor" throughout Nanyue until his death. In 113 BC, fourth-generation leader Zhao Xing sought to have Nanyue formally included as part of the Han Empire. His prime minister Lü Jia objected vehemently and subsequently killed Zhao Xing, installing his elder brother Zhao Jiande on the throne and forcing a confrontation with the Han Dynasty. The next year, Emperor Wu of Han sent 100,000 troops to war against Nanyue. By the end of the year and the beginning of 111 BC, the army had destroyed Nanyue. The kingdom lasted 93 years in total and had five generations of kings.