The following is a list of the known rulers of the Kingdom of Edom in the Levant.

Kings[link]

[edit] Descendants of Esau

Esau עֵשָׂו (Edom אֱדֹֽום) Married 3 wives^[1]

• Reuel^[2] רְעוּאֵֽל By Basemath בָּשְׂמַ֥ת (daughter of Elon the Hittite, wife of Ishmael?)^[3] Also called Mahalath (the sister of Nebaioth, the firstborn of Ishmael) Married just after Jacob's flight to Haran
  • Nahath נַ֥חַת
  • Zerah זֶ֖רַח (father of Jobab 2nd Duke of Edom?)
  • Shammah שַׁמָּ֣ה
  • Mizzah מִזָּ֑ה
• Jeush יְע֥וּשׁ By Oholibamah^[4] אָהֳלִֽיבָמָה֙ (daughter of Anah עֲנָ֔ה (the wife of Beeri?) the daughter of Zibeon צִבְעֹ֖ון the Hivite). (Also called Judith daughter of Beeri the Hittite) Married just before Jacob's flight to Haran
• Jalam יַעְלָ֖ם
• Korah קֹ֑רַח
• Eliphaz^[5] אֱלִיפָ֑ז By Adah^[6] עָדָ֗ה daughter of Elon אֵילֹון֙ the Hittite. (possibly the same Eliphaz the Temanite in the Book of Job) Married before Jacob's flight to Haran
  • Teman תֵּימָ֣ן
  • Omar אֹומָ֔ר
  • Zepho צְפֹ֥ו
  • Gatam גַעְתָּ֖ם
  • Kenaz קְנַֽז
  • Amalek עֲמָלֵ֑ק (by his concubine Timna^[7] תִמְנַ֣ע the sister of Lotan^[8] the son of Seir)

Implied non-hereditary kings[link]

Dukes/Chiefs[link]

• Timnah (Timna)

• Aliah (Alvah)

• Jetheth

• Oholibamah

• Elah

• Pinon

• Kenaz

• Teman II

• Mibzar

• Magdiel

• Iram

• To Israel ca. 990-922

• To Judah 922-early 9th cent.

•  ?

• Aiarammu (Assyrian name; Edomite name unknown) fl. ca. 740

• Shalman fl. ca. 735

• To Assyria 724-612

• Melek Ram fl. ca. 700

• Kaus Geber fl. ca. 700

•  ?

• To Babylon 612-539

• Independence 539-ca. 275

•  ?? .............................................c. 270-c. 200

• To the Seleucid Empire..........................c. 200-160

• Gorgias...........................................160's

•  ?? ................................................160-109

• To Maccabean Kingdom of Israel 109 BC.

• Governors of Idumea under the Hasmoneans

• Antipas.....................................c.100-78

• Antipater (governor of all Judaea from 55).....78-43

[edit] Governors of Idumea under Herod

Note that the Herodian dynasty itself was of Idumaean extraction.

• Joseph ben Antipater (bro. Herod the Great).c. 43-35

• Costobarus (brother-in-law Herod the Great).......30's

• To Judea directly.................................30's-4

• To Rome..........................................4 BC- AD 60

Governors of Idumea under the Revolutionary government of Judaea[link]

• Niger the Peraean.................................60's-68

• Joshua ben Saphas ha-Kohen..........................66-68 and...

• Eleazar ben Hananiah................................66-68

• To Rome

References[link]

Map showing kingdom of Edom (in red) at its largest extent, c. 600 BC. Areas in dark red show the approximate boundary of classical-age Idumaea.

Edom ( /ˈiː.dʌm/^[1]; Hebrew: אֱדוֹם, Modern Edom Tiberian ʼĔḏôm ; "red"; Assyrian: Udumi; Syriac: ܐܕܘܡ) or Idumea (Greek: Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía; Latin: Idūmaea) was a Semitic inhabited historical region of the Southern Levant located south of Judea and the Dead Sea. It is mentioned in biblical records as a 1st millennium BC Iron Age kingdom of Edom,^[2] and in classical antiquity the cognate name Idumea was used to refer to a smaller area in the same region. The name Edom means "red" in Hebrew, and was given to Esau once he ate the "red pottage". (Genesis 25:30 KJV)

The Bible and The Torah describe the Edomites as descendants of Esau the eldest son of the Jewish patriarch Isaac, although no written records of the time have been discovered that support this claim.

History[link]

Archaeological references[link]

The name 'ydwma' ('Aduma') which was translated into "Edom" in hieroglyphs

The Edomites may have been connected with the Shasu and Shutu, nomadic raiders mentioned in Egyptian sources. Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom" to watering holes in Egyptian territory.^[3] The earliest Iron Age settlements—possibly copper mining camps—date to the 9th century BCE. Settlement intensified by the late 8th century BC and the main sites so far excavated have been dated between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. The last unambiguous reference to Edom is an Assyrian inscription of 667 BC; it has thus been unclear when, how and why Edom ceased to exist as a state, although many scholars point to scriptural references in the Bible, specifically the historical book of Obadiah, to explain this phenomenon.^[2]

Edom is mentioned in Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions in the form "Udumi" or "Udumu"; three of its kings are known from the same source: Ḳaus-malaka at the time of Tiglath-pileser III (c. 745 BC), Malik-rammu at the time of Sennacherib (c. 705 BC), and Ḳaus-gabri at the time of Esarhaddon (c. 680 BC). According to the Egyptian inscriptions, the "Aduma" at times extended their possessions to the borders of Egypt.^[4] After the conquest of Judah by the Babylonians, Edomites settled in the region of Hebron. They prospered in this new country, called by the Greeks and Romans "Idumaea" or "Idumea", for more than four centuries.^[5] Strabo, writing around the time of Christ, held that the Idumaeans, whom he identified as of Nabataean origin, constituted the majority of the population of Western Judea, where they commingled with the Judaeans and adopted their customs.^[6]

Biblical Edom[link]

The region around 830 BC. Edom is shown in yellow on this map

The Edomites' original country, according to the Tanakh, stretched from the Sinai peninsula as far as Kadesh Barnea. Southward it reached as far as Eilat, which was the seaport of Edom.^[7] On the north of Edom was the territory of Moab.^[8] The boundary between Moab and Edom was the Wadi Zered.^[9] The ancient capital of Edom was Bozrah.^[10] According to Genesis, Esau's descendants settled in this land after displacing the Horites. It was also called the land of Seir; Mount Seir appears to have been strongly identified with them and may have been a cultic site. In the time of Amaziah (838 BC), Selah (Petra) was its principal stronghold,^[11] Eilat and Ezion-geber its seaports.^[12]

Genesis 36 lists the kings of Edom:

These are the kings who ruled in the land of Edom before a king ruled the children of Israel. And Bela ben Beor ruled in Edom, and the name of his city was Dinhabah. And Bela died, and Jobab ben Zerah from Bozrah ruled in his place. And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of Temani ruled in his place. And Husham died, and Hadad ben Bedad, who struck Midian in the field of Moab, ruled in his place, and the name of his city was Avith. And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah ruled in his place. And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth on the river ruled in his place. And Saul died, and Baal-hanan ben Achbor ruled in his place. And Baal-hanan ben Achbor died, and Hadar ruled in his place, and the name of his city was Pau, and his wife's name was Mehetabel bat Matred bat Mezahab. And these are the names of the clans of Esau by their families, by their places, by their names: clan Timnah, clan Alvah, clan Jetheth, clan Aholibamah, clan Elah, clan Pinon, clan Kenaz, clan Teman, clan Mibzar, clan Magdiel, clan Iram.^[13]

The Hebrew word translated as "clan" is aluf, also translated as "chief", "general", or "duke", and used in this sense only in connection with Edom and Hori.^[14] (Since 1948 it has been used for senior ranks in the Israeli Defense Force.)

If the account may be taken at face value, the kingship of Edom was, at least in early times, not hereditary,^[15] perhaps elective.^[16] First Chronicles mentions both a king and chieftains.^[17] When the King of Edom refused to allow the children of Israel^[18] to pass through his land on their way to Canaan, they detoured around the country because of his show of force^[19] or because God ordered them to do so rather than wage war.^[20] The King of Edom did not attack the Israelites, though he prepared to resist aggression.

Nothing further is recorded of the Edomites in the Tanakh until their defeat by King Saul of Israel in the late 11th century BC. Forty years later King David and his general Joab defeated the Edomites in the "valley of salt", (probably near the Dead Sea).^[21] An Edomite prince named Hadad escaped and fled to Egypt, and after David's death returned and tried to start a rebellion, but failed and went to Syria (Aramea).^[22] From that time Edom remained a vassal of Israel. David placed over the Edomites Israelite governors or prefects,^[23] and this form of government seems to have continued under Solomon. When Israel divided into two kingdoms Edom became a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah. In the time of Jehoshaphat (c. 914 BC) the Tanakh mentions a king of Edom,^[24] who was probably an Israelite appointed by the King of Judah. It also states^[25] that the inhabitants of Mount Seir invaded Judea in conjunction with Ammon and Moab, and that the invaders turned against one another and were all destroyed. Edom revolted against Jehoram and elected a king of its own.^[26] Amaziah attacked and defeated the Edomites, seizing Selah, but the Israelites never subdued Edom completely.^[27]

In the time of Nebuchadnezzar II the Edomites helped plunder Jerusalem and slaughter the Judaeans.^[28] For this reason the Prophets denounced Edom violently.^[29]

Although the Idumaeans controlled the lands to the east and south of the Dead Sea, their peoples were held in contempt by the Israelites. Hence the Book of Psalms says "Moab is my washpot: over Edom will I cast out my shoe".^[30] According to the Torah,^[31] the congregation could not receive descendants of a marriage between an Israelite and an Edomite until the fourth generation. This law was a subject of controversy between Shimon ben Yohai, who said it applied only to male descendants, and other Tannaim, who said female descendants were also excluded.^[32]

Classical antiquity[link]

During the revolt of the Maccabees against the Seleucid kingdom (early 2nd century BCE), II Maccabees refers to a Seleucid general named Gorgias as "Governor of Idumaea"; whether he was a Greek or a Hellenized Edomite is unknown. Some scholars maintain that the reference to Idumaea in that passage is an error altogether. Judas Maccabeus conquered their territory for a time in around 163 BCE.^[33] They were again subdued by John Hyrcanus (c. 125 BCE), who forcibly converted them to Judaism^[34] and incorporated them into the Jewish nation,^[16] despite the opposition of the pharisees. Antipater the Idumaean, the progenitor of the Herodian Dynasty that ruled Judea after the Roman conquest, was of Edomite origin. Under Herod the Great Idumaea was ruled for him by a series of governors, among whom were his brother Joseph ben Antipater and his brother-in-law Costobarus. Immediately before the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, 20,000 Idumaeans, under the leadership of John, Simeon, Phinehas, and Jacob, appeared before Jerusalem to fight on behalf of the Zealots who were besieged in the Temple.^[35] See Zealot Temple Siege for more information. After the Jewish Wars the Idumaean people are no longer mentioned in history, though the geographical region of "Idumea" is still referred to at the time of St. Jerome.^[16]

In Rabbinic Literature[link]

In Rabbinic Literature, with time Edom became associated with Rome. The reasons for this and whether it is an adequate comparison is disputed.^[36]

Religion[link]

The nature of Edomite religion before their conversion to Judaism is largely unknown. As close relatives of other Levantine Semites, they may have worshiped such gods as El, Baal, Kaus and Asherah. The oldest biblical traditions place Yahweh as the deity of southern Edom, and may have originated in Edom/Seir/Teman/Sinai before being adopted in Israel and Judah.^[37]

In Antiquities of the Jews, Book 15, chapter 7, section 9, Josephus notes that Costobarus, appointed by Herod to be governor of Idumea and Gaza, was descended from the priests of "the Koze, whom the Idumeans had formerly served as a God."

For an archaeological text that may well be Edomite, reflecting on the language, literature, and religion of Edom, see Victor Sasson, "An Edomite Joban Text, with a Biblical Joban Parallel", Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 117 (Berlin 2006), 601–615.

Economy[link]

The Kingdom of Edom drew much of its livelihood from the caravan trade between Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and southern Arabia, along the Incense Route. Astride the King's Highway, the Edomites were one of several states in the region for whom trade was vital due to the scarcity of arable land. It is also said that sea routes traded as far away as India, with ships leaving from the port of Ezion-Geber. Edom's location on the southern highlands left it with only a small strip of land that received sufficient rain for farming.^{[citation needed]} Edom probably exported salt and balsam (used for perfume and temple incense in the ancient world) from the Dead Sea region.^{[citation needed]}

Khirbat en-Nahas is a large-scale copper-mining site excavated by archaeologist Thomas Levy in what is now southern Jordan. The scale of tenth-century mining on the site is regarded as evidence of a strong, centralized 10th century BC Edomite kingdom.^[38]

See also[link]

• List of rulers of Edom
• Edomite language
• Esau
• Habiru

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Gottheil, Richard and M. Seligsohn. "Edom, Idumea." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906; which cites:
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:  Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Edom

• Edom on Bruce Gordon's Regnal Chronologies^{[dead link]}
• UCSD article on age of Edom
• Article on age of Edom from the Jerusalem Post^{[dead link]}
• Mail & Guardian Article on Edom's age, includes Dever's reaction^{[dead link]}
• Edom on Ancientroute.com^{[dead link]}

King Of... is a television comedy talk show made by Big Talk Productions for Channel 4. It was first broadcast on 17 June 2011 and is hosted by Claudia Winkleman. The show also has two celebrity guests and a studio audience.^[1] The guests discuss what is the 'king of' various categories.

On 24 June 2011, Channel 4 announced that King Of... was to be cut short due to Winkleman's pregnancy. The final 2 episodes, with Ruby Wax & Johnny Vegas and Billie Piper, will not be recorded.

Episodes[link]

Series 1[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• King Of... at channel4.com
• King Of... at the British Comedy Guide
• @c4kingof Twitter

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. It includes attribution to IMDb, which may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2007)

Lee Ingleby (born 28 January 1976) is a British film, television, and stage actor.

He is perhaps best known for his roles as Detective Sergeant John Bacchus in the BBC Drama George Gently and as Stan Shunpike in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. He has also appeared as Sean O'Neill in Jimmy McGovern's The Street, and a recurring role in the second series of Early Doors as Mel's boyfriend, Dean. Another prominent role was his part in the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, where he played a nervous Midshipman Hollom. In addition, he played a part in the final episode of Series One of Life on Mars, playing Sam Tyler's father Vic, and made an appearance in Spaced in 2001.

Early life[link]

Ingleby was born in Burnley and lived in Brierfield, Lancashire, England during his early life, attending Edge End High School, as did fellow actor John Simm. Both were taught by the same drama teacher who encouraged them into the professional theatre.^[1] He then studied at Accrington and Rossendale College before progressing to the drama school LAMDA in London.

Career[link]

His first major role was as the young lead in the 2000 BBC miniseries Nature Boy, alongside Paul McGann. He played Smike in a 2001 television film version of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. Also in 2001, he starred in and wrote the screenplay for the short film Cracks in the Ceiling, which he appeared in with his father, Gordon Ingleby.

In the 2002 theatrical release Borstal Boy, based very loosely on the life of Irish poet-activist Brendan Behan, Ingleby played a bully in an English boarding school for juvenile offenders.

He has also made one-off appearances in television programmes such as Hustle, Clocking Off, No Angels, Fat Friends, Jonathan Creek, Dalziel and Pascoe, Cadfael (Pilgrim of Hate) and The Bill. He has had supporting roles in films such as Gustave in Ever After alongside Drew Barrymore and as Hollom in the 2003 Peter Weir film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. In 2004, he had a small role in the Orlando Bloom vehicle Haven, which premiered at the Toronto Film Festival but was not commercially released until 2006, following heavy re-editing. He also guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure, Terror Firma.

In 2006 he appeared in Jimmy McGovern BBC TV series The Street where he played abusive husband Sean O'Neill alongside Christine Bottomley. Another project was the 2006 television adaptation of The Wind in the Willows, in which he played Mole. It also starred Bob Hoskins as Badger, Matt Lucas as Toad, and Mark Gatiss as Ratty, and has also appeared in a modernised BBC adaptation of Rapunzel for the Fairy Tales series.

Ingleby headed the cast of the 2008 three-part television crime drama Place of Execution as DI George Bennett as he was in the 1960s determined to close the case of a missing girl.

When not working in films and television, Ingleby remains active on the stage, where his credits include Puck in Midsummer Night's Dream, Alexander in Nicholas Wright's Cressida, and Katurian in Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman.

He performed in the play Our Class by Tadeusz Slobodzianek at the Cottesloe Theatre from September 2009 to January 2010 as Zygmunt.^[2]

In 2011 he appeared in the television series Being Human as Edgar Wyndham, a menacing vampire elder, and also in Luther as serial killer Cameron Pell.

Personal life[link]

Ingleby is single and lives in Clapham, South London.

Filmography[link]

Film[link]

• Ever After (as Gustave), 1998
• Borstal Boy (as Dale), 2000
• Cracks in the Ceiling (as Lad), 2001
• Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (as Midshipman Hollom), 2003
• Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (as Stan Shunpike), 2004
• Haven (as Patrick), 2004
• The Headsman (as Bernhard), 2005
• The Last Legion (as Germanus), 2007
• Post-It Love (as Boy), 2008
• Doghouse (as Matt), 2009

Television[link]

• Soldier Soldier (as Kevin Fitzpatrick), 1997
• Killer Net (as Gordon), 1998
• In the Red (as Paul), 1998
• The Bill (as Ian in episode called "Puzzled"), 1998
• Cadfael (as Walter), 1998
• Junk (as Rob), 1999
• The Dark Room (as Bobby Franklyn), 1999
• Dalziel and Pascoe (as Kieron Cumming in episode called "The British Grenadier"), 1999
• Jonathan Creek (as David Spratley in episode called "The Three Gamblers"), 2000
• Nature Boy (as David), 2000
• Spaced (as 'Romford Thug Leader' in episode called "Gone"), 2001
• The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (as Smike), 2001
• Impact (as Peter Stamford), 2002
• Clocking Off (as Steven Dugdale), 2002
• Fat Friends (as Craig in episode called "Sweet and Sour"), 2002
• No Angels (as Nurse Carl Jenkins), 2004
• Blue Murder (as Roger Boersma in episode called "Up In Smoke"), 2004
• Early Doors (as Dean), 2004
• Hustle (as Trevor Speed) in episode called "The Lesson"), 2005
• Coming Up (as Gabriel in episode called "Karma Cowboys"), 2005
• Life on Mars (as Vic Tyler), 2006
• The Street (as Sean O'Neill), 2006
• The Wind in the Willows (as Mole), 2006
• George Gently (as Detective Sergeant John Bacchus), 2007 — 2011
• The Worst Journey in the World (as Birdie Bowers), 2007
• Rapunzel (as Jimmy Stojkovic), 2008
• Place of Execution (as DI George Bennett), 2008
• Marple: Nemesis (as Colin Hards), 2008
• Crooked House (as Ben) (2008)
• Being Human (as Edgar Wyndam) (2011)
• Luther (as Cameron Pell) (2011)

Radio[link]

• Cry Hungary (as Peter Kovacs), BBC Radio 4, 2006

• Radio Head, Up and down the dial of British Radio by John Osborne, Book of the Week, BBC Radio 4, 2009

• A Kind of Loving (as Vic Brown), BBC Radio 4, 2010

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lee Ingleby at the Internet Movie Database
• Lee Ingleby on Filmbug
• Daryn's Lee Ingleby Page

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009)

David Was (born David Weiss; October 26, 1952) is, with his stage-brother Don Was, the founder of the 1980s pop group, Was (Not Was).

Was was born in Detroit, Michigan. A graduate of the University of Michigan, Was fled his native Detroit for California, and found employment as the jazz critic for the now-defunct Hearst daily, the Los Angeles Herald Examiner, where he forged friendships with Sonny Rollins and Miles Davis, and Mel Tormé.

With his childhood friend Don Was he went on to form Was (Not Was), providing the lyrics and playing various instruments, primarily flute, keyboards and harmonica. Reviewed by The New York Times in 1980 as "the funkier art-funk band" (comparing them to Talking Heads), Was (Not Was) used members of Funkadelic, alongside jazz legends like trumpeter Marcus Belgrave; and singers Mel Tormé,and Ozzy Osbourne. They released five albums and enjoyed four Top 10 singles worldwide. They continue to tour, their most recent album, "Boo," being issued in 2008. It ranked among that year's top ten releases on many critic's lists. Their 1989 release, "What Up, Dog?" featured two top 10 singles, the latter of which, "Walk the Dinosaur," has been re-recorded by Queen Latifah for the animated feature, Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs."

In other projects, Was produced two soundtrack albums for the X-Files TV show and feature film, as well as music supervised features for Fox and Disney. He joined network music composers on CBS Education of Max Bickford, starring Richard Dreyfuss, and also did the music for ABC's "That Was Then." His theme music introduces Fox Sports' "NFL Pregame Show." As a record producer, he has also worked with Bob Dylan, Rickie Lee Jones, Roy Orbison, k.d. lang, Wayne Kramer (of MC5 fame) and the Holly Cole Trio of Canada.

Was has been a regular contributor to National Public Radio's, Day to Day and, currently, "All Things Considered," where he writes essays about classical, jazz and other forms of music, as well as covering the Consumer Electronic Show annually. As a journalist, he has had bylines in the New York Times, Detroit News, Seattle Post, Entertainment Weekly, Golfweek, Golf and Travel & Golf.

Was lives in California with his wife, Vickie, with whom he has two children, Nicholas and Phoebe.

References[link]

• David Was at the Internet Movie Database

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