In linguistics, diglossia ( /daɪˈɡlɒsiə/; Greek: διγλωσσία < δύο+γλώσσα, two languages) refers to a situation in which two dialects or usually closely related languages are used by a single language community. In addition to the community's everyday or vernacular language variety (labeled "L" or "low" variety), a second, highly codified variety (labeled "H" or "high") is used in certain situations such as literature, formal education, or other specific settings, but not used for ordinary conversation.
The high variety may be an older stage of the same language (e.g. Latin in the early Middle Ages), or a distinct yet closely related present day dialect (e.g. Norwegian with Bokmål and Nynorsk, or Chinese with Mandarin as the official, literary standard and colloquial topolects/dialects used in everyday communication). If languages of equal standing within a community are increasingly mixed (such as in English and Maltese in Malta or Irish and English in the Republic of Ireland) this phenomenon is called convergence.[citation needed]. The Kannada,Tamil and Telugu languages are diglossic languages because they have two variations for spoken and written.
Jesse Walter Fewkes (1850–1930) was an American anthropologist, archaeologist, writer and naturalist. He was born in Newton, Massachusetts, and initially trained as a zoologist at Harvard University. He later turned to ethnological studies of the native tribes in the American Southwest.
In 1889, with the resignation of noted ethnologist Frank Hamilton Cushing, Fewkes became leader of the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition. While with this project, Fewkes documented the existing lifestyle and rituals of the Zuni and Hopi tribes. He made the first phonograph recordings of Zuni songs. Fewkes joined the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology in 1895, becoming its director in 1918.
Fewkes surveyed the ruins of a number of cultures in the American Southwest, and wrote many well received articles and books. He supervised the excavation of the Casa Grande ruins in southern Arizona, a Hohokam site, and the Mesa Verde ruins in southern Colorado, an Ancient Pueblo site. He particularly focused on the variants and styles of prehistoric Southwest Indian pottery, producing a number of volumes with carefully drawn illustrations. His work on the Mimbres and Sikyátki pottery styles eventually led to the reproduction of many of these traditional forms and images. The Hopi potter Nampeyo became his friend and reproduced the newly documented traditional designs in her own work.
Yeah! [2x]
Jonestown
Yeah!
I was Jim Jones' attorney
I said, 'When did you find out that he was not the man of God that he was billed to be?'
He said, 'When I visited Jonestown, when I walked in his so-called church'
He said, 'There was no bible, there were no holy pictures, there was no cross
Nothing
And I looked him right in the eye and I said to him
"Why is it there's no bible, and there's no place to pray?"
He said, "We don't need that anymore"'
Yeah!
They were injected with a poison
Yeah!
And I'm going to reveal something to you that possibly the public does not know
Sir Lionel Luckhoo told me that the coroner was a close personal friend of his
And he said that he examined every one of the bodies
This was not a mass-suicide like the world was brainwashed into thinking
They were injected with a poison
Yeah!
Yeah!
I was Jim Jones' attorney
(Yeah! )
I said, 'When did you find out that he was not the man of God (go! ) that he was billed to be?'
He said, 'When I visited Jonestown'
They were injected with a-
Yeah!
[2x]
Yeah! [3x]
Jonestown