In linguistics, a stratum or strate (Latin: layer) is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language which has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate refers to a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The terms '‘superstrate'’ and ‘'adstrate'’ were first used by two different authors in 1932.
Thus, both terms refer to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the result of migration. Whether the superstratum case (the local language persists and the intrusive language disappears) or the substratum one (the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists) applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture. In order for the intrusive language to persist (substratum case), the immigrant population will either need to take the position of a political elite or immigrate in significant numbers relative to the local population (i. e., the intrusion qualifies as an invasion or colonisation, an example would be the Roman Empire giving rise to Romance languages outside of Italy, displacing Gaulish and many other languages).
Skin Diamond | |
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Skin Diamond at 2012 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo |
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Born | Raylin Christensen[1] (1987-02-18) February 18, 1987 (age 26)[2] Ventura, California, U.S.[3] |
Ethnicity | Ethiopian, Danish, Czech, Yugoslav, and German[4] |
Height | 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)[2] |
No. of adult films | 116 (per IAFD)[2] |
Skin Diamond (born Raylin Christensen[1] on February 18, 1987 in Ventura, California) is an American pornographic actress and nude model.
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Diamond was born in Ventura, California[3] and raised in Dunfermline, Scotland.[5] She is of Ethiopian, Danish, Czech, Yugoslav, and German descent.[4] Her father is American actor Rodd Christensen. She has appeared in the TV series Balamory alongside her only sister, Heather.[6][1]
Diamond started her career as a mainstream model and posed, among others, for Louis Vuitton, American Apparel and Atsuko Kudo.[7][8] She made her pornographic debut in a 2009 Burning Angel film.[5][7][9]
In 2012 Diamond posed for comic book artist David Mack; Mack portrayed her as Echo in the Marvel Comics miniseries Daredevil: End of Days.[10]
Diamond has several tattoos, including a Phoenix on her back, which she got to cover an accidental burn.[2] She also has piercings in her navel, right nostril, and both nipples.[11] Diamond is also well-known for her distinctive shaved-on-one-side haircut; because of this, she has been featured in the column "Beauty Showdown" in the magazine Cosmopolitan.[12]
She currently resides in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California where she shares a place with fellow adult star Asphyxia Noir.[4]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Skin Diamond |
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Name | Diamond, Skin |
Alternative names | |
Short description | Pornographic actor |
Date of birth | February 18, 1987 |
Place of birth | Ventura, California |
Date of death | |
Place of death |