Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. This concept has numerous other meanings in different contexts. Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.
The English word was apparently derived from the Latin stem (information-) of the nominative (informatio): this noun is in its turn derived from the verb "informare" (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach": "Men so wise should go and inform their kings." (1330) Inform itself comes (via French informer) from the Latin verb informare, to give form, to form an idea of. Furthermore, Latin itself already contained the word informatio meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word information in English is not clear.
John Phillip Preskill (born January 19, 1953) is an American theoretical physicist and the Richard P. Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Preskill was born in Highland Park, Illinois. After earning an B.A. in physics at Princeton University, summa cum laude, in 1975, he received his Ph.D. in the same subject from Harvard University in 1980. His graduate adviser at Harvard was Steven Weinberg.
While still a graduate student, Preskill made a name for himself by publishing a paper on the cosmological production of superheavy magnetic monopoles in Grand Unified Theories. This work pointed to a serious problem in the then current cosmological models, a problem which was later addressed by Alan Guth and others by proposing the idea of cosmic inflation.
After three years as a junior fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows, Preskill became Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at Caltech in 1983, rising to full professorship in 1990. Since 2000 he has been the Director of the Institute for Quantum Information at Caltech. In recent years most of his work has been in mathematical issues related to quantum computation and quantum information theory.
Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electronic engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory".
Shannon is famous for having founded information theory with one landmark paper published in 1948. But he is also credited with founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937, when, as a 21-year-old master's student at MIT, he wrote a thesis demonstrating that electrical application of Boolean algebra could construct and resolve any logical, numerical relationship. It has been claimed that this was the most important master's thesis of all time. Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis during World War II and afterwards, including basic work on code breaking.
Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan. His father, Claude Sr (1862–1934), a descendant of early New Jersey settlers, was a self-made businessman and for a while, Judge of Probate. His mother, Mabel Wolf Shannon (1890–1945), daughter of German immigrants, was a language teacher and for a number of years principal of Gaylord High School, Michigan. The first 16 years of Shannon's life were spent in Gaylord, Michigan, where he attended public school, graduating from Gaylord High School in 1932. Shannon showed an inclination towards mechanical things. His best subjects were science and mathematics, and at home he constructed such devices as models of planes, a radio-controlled model boat and a wireless telegraph system to a friend's house half a mile away. While growing up, he worked as a messenger for Western Union. His childhood hero was Thomas Edison, who he later learned was a distant cousin. Both were descendants of John Ogden, a colonial leader and an ancestor of many distinguished people.
The Foundations were a British soul band, active from 1967 to 1970. The group, made up of West Indians, White British, and a Sri Lankan, are best known for their two biggest hits, "Baby Now That I've Found You" (a Number One hit in the UK Singles Chart and Canada, and subsequently Top 10 in the US), written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod; and "Build Me Up Buttercup" (a number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 in Canada), co-written by Macaulay with Mike d'Abo, at the time the lead vocalist with Manfred Mann. The group was the first multi-racial group to have a number 1 hit in the UK in the 1960s.
The Foundations are notable for being one of the few label acts to successfully imitate what became known as the Motown Sound. In terms of line-up and musical style, they anticipated the sound of the more successful Hot Chocolate. They were in a similar musical vein as Love Affair, who also topped the UK charts in 1968 with their version of Robert Knight's "Everlasting Love". The Foundations signed to Pye, at the time one of only four big UK record companies (the others being EMI with its HMV, Columbia Records, and Parlophone labels; Decca; and Philips who also owned Fontana).
I saw the local cable company
They came and dug up the road
They cut the roots and killed the tree
To give me information overload
They laid an optical vein with a heart of glass
So the rich infuse, but the poor are bypassed
No need to qualify distinction
Of any other creature if alive or in extinction
Somebody gifted with a scanner and a keypad
Can rustle up an animal in cyberspace and time dad
Can it be really real as Takarazuka?
A message that is subtle as a kiss from a bazooka
Come into the water, don't be scared of a verruca
Erase that from your mind, the bottom line is filthy lucre
They're going to give you information
They want to put in formation
Is it a cause for celebration?
A non-creative recreation?
They're going to give you information
They want to put in formation
Is it a cause for celebration?
A non-creative recreation?
If you're virtually hungry, eat a virtual meal
If you're virtually sick, then do you virtually heal?
With a virtual brain, invent a virtual wheel
You're a virtual slave, but the kneeling is real
We're going for a swim in someone else's stream of consciousness and I hope that we don't drown...
A change of perception
Under pain of deception
Latest stab into modernity
Chew the flavour of eternity
How does anybody else feel?
Who can tell me what's the real deal?
Will the glove and goggle free you?
Or put your consciousness in curfew?
No need to answer any question
The mass of information giving mental indigestion
Somebody lacking Internet without a modem
Is waiting for the chance of overrating what you show them
Can it be as really real as waking in a fever?
Asleep inside a dream that's advertising Unilever?
Come into the universe of corporate dementia
Where everybody swaps their teeth for permanent indenture
They're going to give you information
They want to put in formation
Is it a cause for celebration?
A non-creative recreation?
They're going to give you information
They want to put in formation
Is it a cause for celebration?
A non-creative recreation?
If you're virtually hungry, eat a virtual meal
If you're virtually sick, then do you virtually heal?
With a virtual brain, invent a virtual wheel
You're a virtual slave, but the kneeling is real
They're going to give you information
They want to put in formation
Is it a cause for celebration?
A non-creative recreation?
[killah priest]
Information, no doubt, ya know, don't stop, don't stop, don't stop
Information, literature, thiefs on the run, where ya gonna hide,
When the truth comes down on ya, you have to decide,
Where ya gonna run to, where you gonna hide, information,
When the truth comes down upon ya, you have to to decide
You have to to decide,
Information, we have to come with the laser scanners and shoot ya,
In supermarkets and department stores, direct mail houses,
Were to record every single items we purchase, data about ya,
Daily habits, and movements will flow into the b system,
From spy satellites, constantly searching overhead,
Watching us like we're squirting, a suburban 666 database investigator,
Entire race heading for a cyber-space,
Riots breaks inside an em-pire states, every move you make,
Is recorded on tape, some of us are white,
Prisoned behind gates, getting minature videos in a brief-case,
Recording our every activities, indoors, outdoors, day & night,
Obscenely invaded our policy, our prophecies,
Star gazing, because allah's far amazing, than any greater God or for pagan,
Raised in synagogs of satan, awakeing with the starvanation,
Left beats, scared and shaking, God with education, my birth was foretold,
From deep within my wardrobe, imbrase the cross-road, we once wore gold,
But now we electric probes with silicon brains, sinthetic,
All faces are strange, pathetic, check the eyes,
A man can't even recognise his family,
I blame it on humanity, for this insanity, spy satellites,
The last data for life, theres no day or night, cia,
Take samples of my dna, new borns, grow horns, placed in uniforms,
Shipped off to the military, with they killed and buried...
Active tv sets will be watching us, just as we watched them,
They will also report back to the beast at computer headquarters,
Out telephone conversations will be automatically wire taped,
And transcripted by the national security agency,
Honesty, modesty, poverty, famine,
Sons of amman, deal with reprogramming, irus scanning,
Breaking out of satan's bondage, with long garments,
Like we bionic, no longer paying homage, remember after 9-6,
We wear biochips, now it's 9 fuckin', beware of armageddon,
Bloodsheddin', and beheading, head on head collision,
In the valley of decisions, we locked the beast in prison,
Here ya gonna run to, where you gonna hide,
When the truth comes down upon you, you will have to to decide,
Where ya gonna run to, where you gonna hide,
When the truth comes down upon you, you will have to to decide,
When that time comes, you will have to decide, information, information,
You will have to decide, information, where you gonna run to,
Where you gonna hide, when the truth comes down upon you,
You will have to decide, information, information,
Information....
(movie sample)
Can you help me? , I'm looking for a man..
[a man, what's his name? ]
Jesus, I must warn him,
[your too late, even now he's before ? ]
They found him,
I saw the local cable company
They came and dug up the road
They cut the roots and killed the tree
To give me information overload
They laid an optical vein with a heart of glass
So the rich infuse but the poor are bypassed
No need to qualify distinction
Of any creature if alive or in extinction
Somebody gifted with a scanner and a keypad
Can rustle up an animal in cyberspace and time dad
Can it be as really real as takarazuka
A message that is subtle as a kiss from a bazooka
Come into the water don't be scared of a varrucha
Erase that from your mind the bottom line is filthy lucre
They're going to give you
Information
They want to put in formation
Is it a cause for celebration a non creative re-creation
If you're virtually hungry eat a virtual meal
If you're virtually sick then do the virtual heal
With a virtual brain invent a virtual wheel
You're a virtual slave but the kneeling is real
We're going for a swin in someone else's
Stream of consciousness and I hope that
We don't drown
A change of perception
Under pain of deception
Latest stab into modernity
Chew the flavour of eternity
How does anyone else feel
Who can tell me what's the real deal
Will the glove and goggle free you
Or put your consciousness in turfew
No need to answer any question
The mass of inFORMation giving mental indigestion
Somebody lacking internet without a modem
Is waiting for the chance of overrating what you show them
Can it be as really real as waking in a fever
Asleep in a dream that's advertising Unilever
Come into the universe of corporate dementia
I was getting slightly intoxicated
I was going half way out of my mind
So I walked over to the pay phone and I waited
For some helpful voice to come on the line
And as I stood there I could see her face
Bloodshot memory for a welcome mat
And then a voice came from beyond time and space
Said, "How can I help you? How can I help you?"
Chorus:
Information, please my baby
Information, please my baby
Last I heard it she was out your way
Grooming horses for the rodeo
Here's her last name, but it might have changed
I hope that it hasn't but you never know
Last time I saw her didn't think to ask
Truth to tell you is I did not know
That just behind that faithful lover's mask
She was waiting, she was waiting
Chorus
All I want for Christmas is a storybook ending
Or at least an explanation why?
And I'd say, "Baby, I'm just curious, were you pretending?
Or was it all just a lie?"
If by some miracle I made it through
And heard her pretty voice smile back at me
I know exactly what I'd do
I'd tell her, "Baby please come back to me."
On second thought I would act casual
Act like I did not miss her face at all
I'd say the only thing that makes me call
Could you provide me with a little bit of . . .
Chorus
Do you know your daughter well and do you know she's
dreaming
Do you know your daughter well, talk to her soon
Do you know your daughter well and do you know she's
dreaming
You know as well as I she stays higher than the moon
And do you know your sister well and did you know she's
drinking
Do you know your sister well, talk to her soon
Do you know your sister well, you know I think she's
losing
You know as well as I she stays higher than the moon
Thanks for the information
Thanks but no thanks for the information
Thanks but no thanks for the information
'Cause information's got your number too
And do you know your brother well and the company he's
keeping
Do you know your brother well, talk to him tonight
Do you know your brother well, he's very very strange
they tell
Probably he'll go to hell unless you steer him right
CHORUS
Well yes I know my daughter well and yes I know she's
dreaming
Yes I know my sister well, that's the way it goes
I know my sister all too well, yes I know she's
drinking
How do I bitch at her for something she already knows?
And yes I know my brother well and the company he's
keeping
Yes I know my brother well, he sings a different tune
Yes I know my brother well, I've heard it said he's
queer as hell
Pray that he's in love as well, higher than the moon
Classified
Bringing information
(music starts)
Class, its all about bringing information
It's all a thinking process kid.
My mind begins a track
Frequncy about the normal where you head like in Iraq
Try to counteract'
And wonder how i got up in your brain
Just before you maybe reckon information was clame to fame
but now you talking like you made it off your street life
Everynow and then we all be leading to freak mics
So keep tight
And keep your head from wondering
I'll be known as Classer kid that everone be yawndering
So by suprise acts, except with open arms
Never thinking i'm a God in my solar , got the high roller
You define gold selling, a certain ammount of records
We'll its worth respect and what you earn, baby you can burn
Havent you learn that time your doing time past
Smash That!
Everybody knows that i'm the last laugh
so past that on the people in your click
cause when i be laying rhymes you know they guaranted thick
-------
(2x)
Never slowing down son i got no time for wasting
Class - Its all about bringing information
And when i'm on the mic i speak to every single nation
Class - its all about bringing information
-------
There comes a time in everybody's simple life when things get complacated, try to dodge it and debate it but a,
how do you think we got this far?
On are own brains?
Heres a fucking sign blowin' up like it was propane
I'ma take you to a spot where everyone can see
givin' props to every person who supported me
(like who)
Jolly Green
Quincy Brun, we still in contact
Can't forget jordon for helping me record my first rap
Many years to come
Got to speak on diffirent terms
Never learn
If you keep repeating on the never sirmen
i keep on burning like a candel in the wind
I think my flame it blowin' out, kid i got to much adrenalin(e)
You'll never hold me down.
So, give up
And throw your tallent
Knocked out again, i take home the medallion
your tralling behind son
moving to the for ground, so don't talk shit
puffing up your toplit
-------
Never slowing down son i got no time for wasting
Class - Its all about bringing information
And when i'm on the mic i speak to every single nation
Class - its all about bringing information
-------
So open up your mind. Don't forget about the facts
Everything and what you hear, you got to see to believe it last
Lots of people talking
(Class, i'll be done for years)
but when i'm bowling threw all the people run for clears
kid i aint mad at cha, i gotta live my own life
This is the way i picked my plain. I got to hold up tight
And if i'm right, then i'm right
if i'm wrong then oh we'll
There aint no prusure on my soul i got to pay my toll
Every person pays a price one time or other
It doesn't matter what your name be or ya colour
you take your shoot, i'll take my chance and we can enter that
and leave the drama for these could who wana try to rap
-------
(2x)
Never slowing down son i got no time for wasting
Class - Its all about bringing information
And when i'm on the mic i speak to every single nation
Class - its all about bringing information
She's been around me all the while.
Try as I might, I can't forget her smile.
In passing conversation, what did I hear her say?
Where did she come from? Who is that woman anyway?
What can I do to change her mind?
Maybe she thinks that I'm just not her kind.
I think she wants me but she's trying to play hard to get.
When she treats me this way, I wish we'd never met.
Information, that's what I need,
Some information. Where did she come from?
Information, that's what I need.
Some information.
Information, that's what I need,
Some information. Where did she come from?
Information, give me a lead.
Some information.
The lights go down, the music's loud.
She's not around, I lost her in the crowd.
I really want her, but she's just a mystery.
What have I got to do to make her notice me?
Information, that's what I need,
Some information. Where did she come from?
Information, that's what I need.
Some information.
Information, that's what I need,
Some information. Where did she come from?
Information, give me a lead.
Some information.
If only I could find a way.
What do I have to do to make her stay?
I've got to find her again and try to steal her heart.
What I need is a lead, but I don't know where to start.
Information, that's what I need,
Some information. Where did she come from?
Information, that's what I need.
Some information.
Information, that's what I need,
Some information. Where did she come from?
Information, give me a lead.
You're suffering, feel your pain
Allow me to be your sponge
Cause I can absorb your sorrows, I'm the one
Fire may rain down on you, but I'll be your water
Waves may crash on you, but I'll be your land
Cause I want to give you, just a temporary bliss
Just a little bit, just a little bit, a little more information
To add to my confusion, to add to the frustration
I don't need it
So shed your pain, while I sit in silence
As you bleed your deepest feelings here
Quakes may rattle you, but I'll be your sky
Winds may twist around you, but I'll be your clouds
Just a little bit, just a little bit, a little more information
To add to my confusion, to add to the frustration
I don't need it, no I don’t need it
He woke up next to her, his head against her head
His hand upon her breast, he knew today meant death
He kissed her on the cheek, and then on her lips
Thought to himself "it's the last time I'll do this"
Put on a suit, pressed and clean
He brushed his hair, grabbed his keys
Then he headed out to the morning air
With an anticipation no man could bear
The air was heavy, he could feel it in his lungs
With every step he took, a prayer rolled off his tongue
They were prayers of forgiveness, and prayers of praise
And his actions a gift for a god without a name
Just a little bit, just a little bit, a little more information
To add to my confusion, to add to the frustration
I was getting slightly intoxicated
I was going half way out of my mind
So I walked over to the pay phone and I waited
For some helpful voice to come on the line
And as I stood there I could see her face
Bloodshot memory for a welcome mat
And then a voice came from beyond time and space
Said, "How can I help you? How can I help you?"
Information, please my baby
Information, please my baby
Last I heard it she was out your way
Grooming horses for the rodeo
Here's her last name, but it might have changed
I hope that it hasn't but you never know
Last time I saw her didn't think to ask
Truth to tell you is I did not know
That just behind that faithful lover's mask
She was waiting, she was waiting
Information, please my baby
Information, please my baby
All I want for Christmas is a storybook ending
Or at least an explanation why?
And I'd say, "Baby, I'm just curious, were you pretending?
Or was it all just a lie?"
If by some miracle I made it through
And heard her pretty voice smile back at me
I know exactly what I'd do
I'd tell her, "Baby please come back to me."
On second thought I would act casual
Act like I did not miss her face at all
I'd say the only thing that makes me call
Could you provide me with a little bit of . . .
Information, please my baby
Give me some information
Tell me the world's not that bad
Point me in some direction
Show me the map I once had
My soul needs more protection maybe
Enough will not last
Somewhere your destination
Crosses the front of my path
If we never do come back
Then I need to leave some tracks
Never have I been staring
Straight into the eyes of someone else
In between the gift of caring
I'm put upon another dusty shelf
I don't understand the thorns
In the eye of turning storms
Give me some information
Tell me the world's not that bad
Point me in some direction
Show me the map I once had
Give me some information
Tell me the world's not that bad
Give me some information