HNP may refer to:
Defensin, alpha 1 also known as human alpha defensin 1, human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) or neutrophil defensin 1 is a human protein that is encoded by the DEFA1 gene. Human alpha defensin 1 belongs to the alpha defensin family of antimicrobial peptides.
Defensins are a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides thought to be involved in host defense. They are abundant in the granules of neutrophils and also found in the epithelia of mucosal surfaces such as those of the intestine, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and vagina. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence and distinguished by a conserved cysteine motif. Several alpha defensin genes are clustered on chromosome 8. The protein encoded by this gene, defensin, alpha 1, is found in the microbicidal granules of neutrophils and likely plays a role in phagocyte-mediated host defense. It differs from the defensins, alpha 2 and alpha 3 by only one amino acid.
HNPs are generated as 94 amino acids preproHNPs, which are co-translationally cleaved to 75 amino acids pro-peptides with a N-terminal prosegment having a negative charge that neutralizes the highly positively charged C terminal peptide. Processing of proHNPs occurs mainly in late promyelocytes, where the 75 amino acids proHNPs are cleaved to a 56 amino acids intermediate form and onward to 29-30 amino acids mature peptides designated HNPs. Cationic 29-30 amino acids HNPs associate with the negatively charged proteoglycan serglycin and translocate to azurophil granules. At later stages of granulocytic differentiation in which HNP expression peaks (i.e. myelocytes and metamyelocytes), proHNPs are not cleaved, rendering the peptides overall neutral. This prevents binding to serglycin and most proHNP is accordingly secreted into the bone marrow plasma although some is retained in specific granules.
Alpha defensins are a family of mammalian defensin peptides.
Defensins are 2-6 kDa, cationic, microbicidal peptides active against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses, containing three pairs of intramolecular disulfide bonds. On the basis of their size and pattern of disulfide bonding, mammalian defensins are classified into alpha, beta and theta categories. Alpha-defensins, which have been identified in humans, monkeys and several rodent species, are particularly abundant in neutrophils, certain macrophage populations and Paneth cells of the small intestine.
Defensins are produced constitutively and/or in response to microbial products or proinflammatory cytokines. Some defensins are also called corticostatins (CS) because they inhibit corticotropin-stimulated corticosteroid production. The mechanism(s) by which microorganisms are killed and/or inactivated by defensins is not understood completely. However, it is generally believed that killing is a consequence of disruption of the microbial membrane. The polar topology of defensins, with spatially separated charged and hydrophobic regions, allows them to insert themselves into the phospholipid membranes so that their hydrophobic regions are buried within the lipid membrane interior and their charged (mostly cationic) regions interact with anionic phospholipid head groups and water. Subsequently, some defensins can aggregate to form 'channel-like' pores; others might bind to and cover the microbial membrane in a 'carpet-like' manner. The net outcome is the disruption of membrane integrity and function, which ultimately leads to the lysis of microorganisms. Some defensins are synthesized as propeptides which may be relevant to this process. Alpha defensins of the mouse bowel were historically called cryptdins when first discovered.
Standing in a shadow of true love Wishing that the
other side would really be gone
Hoping for the worst that would be best for me Hoping
that the other side would never see
That I´m Fallen to gutter of long dark road Running to
harbour for long gone boat
Buried in six feet of cold hard soil Trying to keep it
real
When I´m with you Im here and everywhere
But my heart is somewhere else I will try to make it
last
Heartache will soon be past Pick your number next in
line
Maybe now I will be fine NOT
Waiting for the bullet to split my head Maybe then I
would be fine when buried and dead
Nothing really changes the way I feel It´s like now I
don´t have soul, but my body will stay
And I´m fallen to gutter of long dark road Running to
harbour for long gone boat
Buried in six feet of cold hard soil Trying to keep it
real
When I´m with you I´m here and everywhere
But my heart is somewhere else I will try to make it
last
Heartache will soon be past Pick your number next in
line
Maybe now I will be fine NOT
And I´m fallen to gutter of long dark road Running to
harbour for long gone boat
Buried in six feet of cold hard soil Trying to keep it
real
When I´m with you I´m here and everywhere
But my heart is somewhere else I will try to make it
last
Heartache will soon be past Pick your number next in
line
HNP may refer to:
WorldNews.com | 10 May 2019
South China Morning Post | 10 May 2019
Deseret News | 10 May 2019
WorldNews.com | 10 May 2019
WorldNews.com | 10 May 2019
WorldNews.com | 10 May 2019