For the pygmy backswimmer genus, see Plea (insect).

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In legal terms, a plea is simply an answer to a claim made by someone in a civil or criminal case under common law using the adversary system. Colloquially, a plea has come to mean the assertion by a criminal defendant at arraignment, or otherwise in response to a criminal charge, whether that person pleaded Guilty, Not Guilty, No Contest or Alford plea.

The concept of the plea is one of the major differences between criminal procedure under common law and procedure under the civil law system. Under common law, a plea of guilty by the defendant waives trial of the charged offences and the defendant may be sentenced immediately. This produces a system under American law known as plea bargaining.

In civil law jurisdictions, there is generally no concept of a plea of guilty. A confession by the defendant is treated like any other piece of evidence, and a full confession does not prevent a full trial from occurring or relieve the plaintiff(s) from its duty of presenting a case to the trial court.

A "blind plea" is a guilty plea entered with no plea agreement in place.^[1] One defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power, when asked to enter his plea, stated, "I plead for the beauty that surrounds us";^[2] this type of unorthodox plea is sometimes referred to as a "creative plea," and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty.^[3] Likewise, standing mute and refusing to enter any plea at all will usually be interpreted as a not guilty plea; the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, for instance, state, "If a defendant refuses to enter a plea or if a defendant organization fails to appear, the court must enter a plea of not guilty."^[4]

United States[link]

"Voluntary and intelligent"[link]

A defendant who enters a plea of guilty must do so, in the phraseology of a 1938 Supreme Court case, Johnson v. Zerbst, "knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently". The burden is on the prosecution to prove that all waivers of the defendant's rights complied with due process standards. Accordingly, in cases of all but the most minor offences, the court or the prosecution (depending upon local custom and the presiding judge's preference) will engage in a plea colloquy wherein they ask the defendant a series of rote questions about the defendant's knowledge of his rights and the voluntariness of the plea. Typically the hearing on the guilty plea is transcribed by a court reporter and the transcript is made a part of the permanent record of the case in order to preserve the conviction's validity from being challenged at some future time. "Voluntary" has been described as "an elusive term which has come to mean not induced by 'improper' inducements, such as bribing or physical violence, but not including the inducements normally associated with charge and sentence bargaining (except for inducements involving 'overcharging' by prosecutors)." "Intelligent" has been described as "also an elusive term, meaning that the defendant knows his rights, the nature of the charge to which he is pleading, and the consequences of his plea."^[5]

Virtually all jurisdictions hold that defense counsel need not discuss with defendants the collateral consequences of pleading guilty, such as consecutive sentencing or even treatment as an aggravating circumstance in an ongoing capital prosecution.^[6] However, the Supreme Court recognized an important exception in Padilla v. Kentucky (2010), in which the Court held that defense counsel is obligated to inform defendants of the potential immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Thus a defendant who is not advised of immigration consequences may have an ineffective assistance of counsel argument.

In the U.S. federal system, the court must also satisfy itself that there is a factual basis for the guilty plea.^[7] However, this safeguard may not be very effective, because the parties, having reached a plea agreement, may be reluctant to reveal any information that could disturb the agreement. When a plea agreement has been made, the judge's factual basis inquiry is usually perfunctory, and the standard for finding that the plea is factually based is very low.^[8]

Special pleas[link]

Other special pleas used in criminal cases include the plea of mental incompetence, challenging the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant's person, the plea in bar, attacking the jurisdiction of the court over the crime charged, and the plea in abatement, which is used to address procedural errors in bringing the charges against the defendant, not apparent on the "face" of the indictment or other charging instrument. Special pleas in federal criminal cases have been abolished, and defences formerly raised by special plea are now raised by motion to dismiss.

In United States v. Binion, malingering or feigning illness during a competency evaluation was held to be obstruction of justice and led to an enhanced sentence. Although the defendant had pleaded guilty, he was not awarded a reduction in sentence because the feigned illness was considered to mean that he was not accepting responsibility for his illegal behavior.^[9]

English law[link]

In the English system, a plea is regarded as voluntary if the defendant, properly advised as to the possible alternatives by his counsel, has the freedom in his own mind to choose the plea he will make.^[10]

Until 1772, if a defendant refused to plead guilty or not guilty, his trial was delayed from taking place, and he was tortured until he either died or entered a plea. This was changed to allow the judge to enter a plea of not guilty if the defendant refused to plead.^[11]

Notes[link]

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The Pleasure Principle is the third studio album, and debut album under his own name, by electronic music pioneer Gary Numan, released in 1979. Released the same year as Replicas (under the name Tubeway Army), The Pleasure Principle also went to number 1 in the United Kingdom and paved the way to chart success for a string of synthpop acts such as Ultravox, The Human League, Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark.

Structure and release[link]

Numan completely abandoned guitars on the album. This change, coupled with frequent use of synthetic percussion, produced the most purely electronic and robotic sound of his career. In addition to the Minimoog synthesizer employed on his previous album, Numan made liberal use of the Polymoog keyboard, particularly its distinctive "Vox Humana" preset. Other production tricks included copious amounts of flanging, phasing and reverb, plus the unusual move of including solo viola and violin parts in the arrangements. Numan was also influenced by Kraftwerk; the track "Cars" has the same musical "glides" as "Autobahn" and both used the same synthesizers.

Notable tracks included "Airlane", the lead-off instrumental; "Metal", sung from the perspective of an android longing to be human (covered by Nine Inch Nails on Things Falling Apart, Afrika Bambaataa on Dark Matter Moving at the Speed of Light and used as backing for Planet Funk's "Who Said"); "Films", acknowledged by Bambaataa as an important influence on the U.S. hip hop scene; "M.E.", told by the last machine on Earth (later used as backing for Basement Jaxx’s "Where’s Your Head At?"); the electronic ballad "Complex", a UK number 6 single; and "Cars", a worldwide synthpop hit. "Cars" reached number 9 in the U.S. and even climbed to number 1 in Canada,^[1] helping make The Pleasure Principle Numan's strongest stateside showing, but lack of a strong commercial follow up meant he was tagged^{[by whom?]} a one-hit wonder there.^{[citation needed]}

Numan toured throughout the world in support of the album with a huge stage set including banks of neon lights and twin pyramids which moved across the stage via radio control. The live show was captured on record as Living Ornaments ’79 and on video as The Touring Principle. The support act on the UK leg of the tour was Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. An expanded version of Living Ornaments '79 was issued on CD in 2005, and the final show of The Touring Principle was captured on the CD Engineers (released exclusively through Numan's official website) in 2008.

Of the bonus tracks currently available on CD, "Random" and "Oceans" were instrumental outtakes from The Pleasure Principle sessions, originally issued on vinyl with other previously unreleased tracks in 1985; "Asylum" was the instrumental flip of the "Cars" vinyl single; the live versions of "Me! I Disconnect From You" and "Bombers" made up the B-side of "Complex", having been recorded on tour and lately made available in their original context on the expanded Living Ornaments '79 CD, along with "Remember I Was Vapour" and "On Broadway". The latter two tracks first saw the light of day as a promotional single shipped with early pressings of the album Telekon in 1980; Numan's unlikely version of the classic "On Broadway" was dominated by a characteristic synthesizer solo by then-former (and soon-to-be-again) Ultravox band member Billy Currie.

There was a special gig dedicated to the album scheduled at Manchester Academy in November 2009, similar to Numan's previous tours for Replicas and Telekon.

Reception[link]

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
Allmusic	[2]
Robert Christgau	(B)[3]
Mojo	[4]

Allmusic's Greg Prato rated The Pleasure Principle four-and-a-half out of five stars. He explained that "there is not a single weak moment on the disc" and that "the quality of the songs gets stronger and stronger as the album progresses". He concluded: "If you had to own just one Gary Numan album, The Pleasure Principle would be it."^[2] Robert Christgau rated the album a B. He stated that it was where "metal machine music goes easy-listening." He also stated: "[...] this time he's singing about robots, engineers, and isolation. In such a slight artist, these things make all the difference."^[3]

Track listing[link]

All songs are written by Gary Numan, except where noted.

1. "Airlane" – 3:18
2. "Metal" – 3:32
3. "Complex" – 3:12
4. "Films" – 4:09
5. "M.E." – 5:37
6. "Tracks" – 2:51
7. "Observer" – 2:53
8. "Conversation" – 7:36
9. "Cars" – 3:58
10. "Engineers" – 4:01

CD bonus tracks

1. "Random" (Demo) – 3:49
2. "Oceans" (Demo) – 3:03
3. "Asylum" (B-side of "Cars") – 2:31
4. "Me! I Disconnect from You" (live) – 3:06
5. "Bombers" (live) – 5:46
6. "Remember I Was Vapour" (live)* – 4:46
7. "On Broadway" (live) (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) – 4:48

Track listing (30th Anniversary Edition)[link]

To coincide with The Pleasure Principle 30th Anniversary Tour, a special edition of the album was released on September 21, 2009.^[5]

Disc one

1. "Airlane"
2. "Metal"
3. "Complex"
4. "Films"
5. "M.E."
6. "Tracks"
7. "Observer"
8. "Conversations"
9. "Cars"
10. "Engineers"

Disc two

1. "Airlane" (Demo version)
2. "Metal" (Demo version)
3. "Complex" (Demo version)
4. "Films" (Demo version)
5. "M.E." (Demo version)
6. "Tracks" (Demo version)
7. "Observer" (Demo version)
8. "Conversation" (Demo version 2)
9. "Cars" (Demo version)
10. "Engineers" (Demo version)
11. "Random" (2009 remaster)
12. "Oceans" (2009 remaster)
13. "Asylum" (2009 remaster)
14. "Photograph" (2009 remaster)
15. "Gymnopedies No. 1" (Demo version)
16. "Conversation" (Demo version 1)
17. "M.E." (Out Take Mix)

Disc three (Bonus tracks only available on the 3CD version available from the Numan website)

1. "Down in the Park" (The Live EPs – 1980)
2. "On Broadway" (The Live EPs – 1980)
3. "Every Day I Die" (The Live EPs – 1980)
4. "Remember I Was Vapour" (The Live EPs – 1980)
5. "Bombers" (The Live EPs – 1980)
6. "Me! I Disconnect from You" (The Live EPs – 1979)
7. "Conversation" (The Live EPs – 1979)
8. "Metal" (The Live EPs – 1979)
9. "Down in the Park" (The Live EPs – 1979)
10. "Airlane" (Living Ornaments '79)
11. "Cars" (Living Ornaments '79)
12. "We Are So Fragile" (Living Ornaments '79)
13. "Films" (Living Ornaments '79)
14. "Something's in the House" (Living Ornaments '79)
15. "My Shadow in Vain" (Living Ornaments '79)
16. "Conversation" (Living Ornaments '79)
17. "The Dream Police" (Living Ornaments '79)
18. "Metal" (Living Ornaments '79)

Chart positions[link]

Personnel[link]

• Gary Numan – vocals, keyboards (Minimoog, Polymoog, ARP Odyssey), synthetic percussion
• Paul Gardiner – bass
• Chris Payne – keyboards (Minimoog, Polymoog, piano), viola
• Cedric Sharpley – drums, percussion
• Billy Currie – fadeout violin on "Tracks" and "Conversation"
• Garry Robson – backing vocals on "Conversation"

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Pleasure Principle (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)

Hayley Williams
Williams performing with Paramore on the 2007 Vans Warped Tour.
Background information
Birth name	Hayley Nichole Williams
Born	(1988-12-27) December 27, 1988 (age 23) Meridian, Mississippi, U.S.
Genres	Pop punk, alternative rock, punk rock
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, keyboards, guitars, drums, piano
Years active	2004–present
Labels	Fueled by Ramen, Warner Bros., Atlantic Records
Associated acts	Paramore

Hayley Nichole Williams^[1][2] (born December 27, 1988)^[3] is an American singer and songwriter. She is the lead vocalist of the American rock band Paramore.^[1][4]

Early life[link]

In 2002, at the age of 13, Williams moved from her hometown, Meridian, Mississippi, to Franklin, Tennessee.^[5] She met band members Josh and Zac Farro in her new school.^[4][6] While still in school, she tried out for a local funk cover band The Factory, in which she met Jeremy Davis.^[6][7]

Music career[link]

Williams was discovered in 2003 by managers Dave Steunebrink and Richard Williams who signed the 14-year-old to a production deal.^[8] At the time she was writing pop songs with songwriters in Nashville.^[8] Williams was introduced to Atlantic Records A&R Tom Storms through Richard Williams' attorneys Jim Zumwalt and Kent Marcus, and then signed to the label by Jason Flom. The label's original plan for their new artist was to make her a solo pop artist but Williams objected to this, saying that she wanted to be part of a band and play alternative rock music.

Williams on Fall US Tour, 2009.

Atlantic decided to go along with her wishes, and she then formed Paramore with Josh Farro, Zac Farro, and Jeremy Davis.^[8] The music of Paramore was originally supposed to come out on Atlantic Records, but the label's marketing department decided it would be better for the image of the band to not have them attached to a huge label. They instead released their music through a "cooler" niche label, Fueled by Ramen.^[8] The debut album was released in 2005 when Hayley was only 16 years old.

In 2007, she appeared in the music video for "Kiss Me" by New Found Glory.^[9]

In the 2007 Kerrang! Readers' Poll she finished second to Evanescence's Amy Lee in the "Sexiest Female" category,^[10] going on to win the first place spot for "Sexiest Female" a year later in the 2008 poll,^[11] and again in the 2009 poll. She also appears as a playable character in the video game Guitar Hero World Tour.

Williams wrote and recorded the song "Teenagers", which was featured in the soundtrack for the feature film Jennifer's Body. After the release of "Teenagers", Williams stated that she had no plans to establish herself as a solo artist.^[12] In 2010, she appeared on the tracks "Airplanes" and "Airplanes (Part II)" from alternative rapper B.o.B's debut album, B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray.^[13] When it was released as a single, "Airplanes" peaked within the top ten in nineteen countries, including number one peak positions in the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

Paramore[link]

Paramore on the 2010 Honda Civic Tour

Paramore was created in Franklin, Tennessee in 2004 with Williams (lead vocals/keyboards), alongside Josh Farro (lead guitar/backing vocals), Jeremy Davis (bass guitar) and Zac Farro (drums). Prior to forming Paramore,^[7] the other members of what was soon to be Paramore had been "edgy about the whole female thing" of having Williams as singer, but as they were good friends she began writing with them and eventually became a member.^[14] The band has released three studio albums, All We Know Is Falling, Riot!, and Brand New Eyes as well as two live albums and three EPs. In June 2009, the band welcomed Taylor York (rhythm guitar) as an official member, although he had already been playing as a touring member with the band since 2007.

In 2006, Paramore started touring outside of the US for the first time, which included a headline tour of the UK and supporting post-hardcore rockband The Blackout on the Give It A Name Festival in Europe.

Personal life[link]

Williams is a Christian and has a tattoo of a cross on her right thigh.^[15]

Since early 2008 she has been in a realationship with Chad Gilbert of the pop punk band New Found Glory

Discography[link]

Featured singles[link]

Featured appearances[link]

Williams on tour in Brazil, 2011.

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hayley Williams

• Hayley Williams on Twitter
• Hayley Williams on Tumblr
• Hayley William's Profile on Paramore.net

Kenny Vasoli
Kenny Vasoli playing at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City.
Background information
Birth name	Kenneth Robert Vasoli
Born	(1984-05-20) May 20, 1984 (age 28) Abington, Pennsylvania
Genres	Punk pop, emo, post-hardcore, indie rock
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, musician
Instruments	Vocals, bass, guitars
Associated acts	The Starting Line, Person L, Say Anything, Vacationer

Kenneth Robert "Kenny" Vasoli (born May 20, 1984 in Abington, Pennsylvania) is the lead singer and bassist of The Starting Line and Vacationer. Vasoli attended Hatboro-Horsham High School.^[1] At the age of 14, he was invited to join the band after Matt Watts read his AOL Instant Messenger profile.^[2] His previous bands include The Prize Fight and Smash Adams.^[3][4] In early 2004, Vasoli also had a short-lived side-project called Statue, with members of The Prize Fight and Inkling.^[5]

On September 29, 2010 it was announced on Say Anything's website that Vasoli would be playing bass for them on their upcoming fall tour with Motion City Soundtrack, and Saves The Day, replacing ex-bassist Alex Kent.

Kenny has performed guest vocals and played bass for many artists including The Early November, Hot Rod Circuit, The Prize Fight, Death In The Park, Shadows in Lakeland, The Almost, The Junior Varsity, Hit The Lights, Zolof the Rock and Roll Destroyer, Mae, Valencia, and Say Anything. He provided guest vocals on the song So Close by the pop punk/hardcore band Such Gold, from their 2010 release Pedestals. He is also the lead vocalist and guitarist in Person L and, most recently, Vacationer. Vasoli wrote a song titled "Yule Be Sorry" with Aaron Gillespie (The Almost, Underoath) for Happy Christmas Vol. 4, a collection of Christmas songs.^[6][7][8]

On May 28, at Slam Dunk Records Leeds music festival, The Starting Line played a 50-minute set during which Kenny Vasoli announced "People keep asking us when we're getting back together, and the answer I have is yesterday. And what happens when bands get together? They write music. So, we have a new song for you." The song is entitled 'Luck'. This announcement from Vasoli finally puts to an end any speculation that the band were just back together for the occasional show ^[9]

His current band, Vacationer, announced that they would spend the spring of 2012 touring with The Naked and Famous.

References[link]

This article about a United States rock singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

The Chantels (not to be confused with the reggae group The Chantells) were the second African-American girl group to have nationwide success in the United States, preceded by The Bobbettes. The group was established in the early 1950s and attended St. Anthony of Padua school in The Bronx. The original five members consisted of Arlene Smith (lead), Sonia Goring, Rene Minus, Jackie Landry Jackson and Lois Harris. They derived their name from that of a rival school, St. Frances de Chantal.

Career[link]

The Chantels by 1957, then in high school, had been a group for seven years. Unlike some black groups of their time, the quintet was under the influences of classical music and Latin hymns.^[1] The lead singer, Arlene Smith, had received classical training and performed at Carnegie Hall at age twelve.^[1] Smith provided the group with both lyrics and music.^[1] The girls were discovered by Richard Barrett, lead singer of The Valentines, and by summer 1957 signed to End Records, owned by George Goldner.^[1] Their first single was "He's Gone" (Pop #71) in August 1957, written by Arlene Smith.^[1] Released in December 1957, their second single, "Maybe" was a hit (#15 Billboard Hot 100; #2 R & B chart) in January 1958. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.^[2] Following releases were less successful but End did release an album originally titled We Are The Chantels. The original cover had a picture of the group. The album was soon withdrawn and repackaged with a picture of two white teenagers picking out a song; the title was shortend to The Chantels.^[3]

The group was dropped by End in 1959, and Arlene Smith decided to embark upon a solo career. Harris left to pursue a college education. That year, Chantels singles led by Richard Barrett were released on the End subsidiary of Gone. In 1960, Annette Smith (no relation) replaced Arlene Smith. Narrowed down to a quartet, the group moved on to Carlton Records where they had their second huge hit with "Look in My Eyes" (#14 pop, #6 R&B). Other releases on Carlton didn't do as well. One of them was "Well I Told You," a response to Ray Charles's "Hit the Road, Jack.^[1] A Carlton album was released in 1962 titled The Chantels on Tour but featured no live recordings whatsoever and only seven of the tracks were recorded by the actual group. The other three tracks were by Gus Backus, Chris Montez, and Little Anthony & The Imperials.^[4][5] To cash in on "Look in My Eyes", End pulled together an album titled There's Our Song Again, a compilation of previously recorded material.^[3]

The Chantels switched record labels a few more times. Personnel changed throughout the rest of the 1960s. Arlene Smith fronted a new group of Chantels in the 1970s which featured up and coming disco diva Carol Douglas for oldies shows and continues to perform. The remaining original Chantels reformed as well and hired Noemi (Ami) Ortiz as their new lead singer. On the PBS special Doo Wop 50, Smith reunited with the surviving original members of the Chantels and dedicated "Maybe" to Jackie Landry, who died in 1997.

The Chantels were inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2001, they made the final ballot for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame,^[6] but did not get enough votes for induction. Despite continued appearances since then on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ballots by 1950s doo-wop groups, the Chantels did not get enough votes to reach any subsequent ballot until September 2009, when it was revealed that they were one of twelve nominees to be inducted to the Hall in 2010.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• The Chantels
• 'The Chantels' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page
• History of Rock page on The Chantels