Colon classification (CC) is a system of library classification developed by S. R. Ranganathan. It was the first ever faceted (or analytico-synthetic) classification. The first edition was published in 1933. Since then six more editions have been published. It is especially used in libraries in India.

Its name "colon classification" comes from the use of colons to separate facets in class numbers. However, many other classification schemes, some of which are completely unrelated, also use colons and other punctuation in various functions. They should not be confused with colon classification.

As an example, the subject "research in the cure of tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950" results in a call number

L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5

The components of this call number represent

Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India'1950

Organization[link]

The colon classification uses 42 main classes that are combined with other letters, numbers and marks in a manner resembling the Library of Congress Classification to sort a publication.

Facets[link]

CC uses five primary categories, or facets, to further specify the sorting of a publication. Collectively, they are called PMEST:

, Personality

; Matter or property

: Energy

. Space

' Time

Classes[link]

The following are the main classes of CC, with some subclasses, the main method used to sort the subclass using the PMEST scheme and examples showing application of PMEST.

z Generalia

1 Universe of Knowledge

2 Library Science

3 Book science

4 Journalism

B Mathematics

B1 Arithmetic

B13 Theory of numbers

B2 Algebra

B23 Algebraic equations

B25 Higher Algebra

B3 Analysis

B33 Differential Equations [equation] , [degree] , [order] : [problem]

B331,1,2:1 Numerical solutions (:1) of ordered (331) linear (,1) second order (,2) differential equations

B37 Real Variables

B38 Complex Variables

B4 Other Methods

B6 Geometry

B7 Mechanics

B8 Physico-Mathematics

B9 Astronomical Mathematics

C Physics

C1 Fundamentals of Physics

C2 Properties of Matter

C3 Sound

C4 Heat

C5 Light and Radiation

C6 Electricity

C7 Magnetism

C8 Cosmic Hypothesis

D Engineering

E Chemistry

facets

 :1 General Chemistry

 :2 Physical Chemistry

 :3 Analytical Chemistry

 :33 Qualitative Chemistry

 :34 Quantitative Chemistry

 :35 Volumetric Chemistry

 :4 Synthetic Chemistry

 :5 Extraction Chemistry

E1 Inorganic Chemistry

E10 Group 0

E11 Group 1

E110 Hydrogen

E1109 Lithium

E111 Sodium

E2 Hydroxl (Base)

E3 Acid

E4 Salt

E5 Organic Substance

F Technology

G Biology

H Geology

H1 Mineralogy

H2 Petrology

H3 Structural Geology

H4 Dynamic Geology

H5 Stratigraphy

H6 Paleontology

H7 Economic Geology

H8 Cosmic Hypothesis

HX Mining

I Botany

J Agriculture

facets

 :1 Soil

 :3 Propagation

 :4 Disease

 :5 Development

 :6 Breeding

 :7 Harvest

 :91 Nomenclature

 :92 Morphology

 :93 Physiology

 :95 Ecology

material facets

,2 Bulb

,3 Root

,4 Stem

,5 Leaf

,6 Flower

,7 Fruit

,8 Seed

,97 Whole Plant

J1 Horticulture

J2 Feed

J3 Food

J4 Stimulant

J5 Oil

J6 Drug

J7 Fabric

J8 Dye

K Zoology (same facet schedule as I Botany)

KZ Animal Husbandry (same facet schedule as I Botany)

L Medicine [organ]:[problem],[cause]:[handling]

LZ3 Pharmacology [substance].[action],[organ]

LZ5 Pharmacopoeia

M Useful arts

M7 Textiles [material]:[work]

Δ Spiritual experience and mysticism [religion],[entity]:[problem]

N Fine arts

NA Architecture [style] , [utility] , [part] : [technique]

ND Sculpture [style] , [figure] ; [material] : [technique]

NN Engraving

NQ Painting [style] , [figure] ; [material] : [technique]

NR Music [style] , [music] ; [instrument] : [technique]

O Literature

P Linguistics

Q Religion

R Philosophy

S Psychology

T Education

U Geography

V History

W Political science

X Economics

Y Sociology

Z Law

Example[link]

A common example of the colon classification is:

• "Research in the cure of the tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950s":

• Main classification is Medicine
  • (Medicine)
• Within Medicine, the Lungs are the main concern
  • (Medicine,Lungs)
• The property of the Lungs is that they are afflicted with Tuberculosis
  • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis)
• The Tuberculosis is being performed (:) on, that is the intent is to cure (Treatment)
  • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment)
• The matter that we are treating the Tuberculosis with are X-Rays
  • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray)
• And this discussion of treatment is regarding the Research phase
  • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research)
• This Research is performed within a geographical space (.) namely India
  • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India)
• During the time (') of 1950
  • (Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India'1950)
• And translating into the codes listed for each subject and facet the classification becomes
  • L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5

See also[link]

• Bliss bibliographic classification
• Subject (documents)
• Universal Decimal Classification

References[link]

• Colon Classification (6th Edition) by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, published by Ess Ess Publications, Delhi, India
• Chan, Lois Mai. Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, c1994. ISBN 0-07-010506-5.

External links[link]

• More Detail about the Colon Classification at ISKO Italia

Melvil Dewey
Melvil Dewey
Born	Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey December 10, 1851 (1851-12-10) Adams Center, New York
Died	December 26, 1931(1931-12-26) (aged 80) Lake Placid, Florida
Nationality	American
Education	Amherst College
Occupation	librarian, resort developer, reformer
Known for	Dewey Decimal Classification
Religion	Christian
Spouse	Annie R. Godfrey (1878) Emily McKay Beal (1924)
Relatives	Godfrey Dewey (son)
Signature

Melville Louis Kossuth (Melvil) Dewey (December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an American librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification, and a founder of the Lake Placid Club.

Education and personal life[link]

Dewey was born in Adams Center, New York, the fifth and last child of Joel and Eliza Greene Dewey. He attended rural schools and determined early that his destiny was to be a reformer in educating the masses. At Amherst College he belonged to Delta Kappa Epsilon, earning a bachelor's degree in 1874 and a master's in 1877.

While still a student, he founded the Library Bureau which sold high quality index cards and filing cabinets, and established the standard dimensions for catalog cards.^[1]

From 1883 to 1888 he was chief librarian at Columbia University, from 1888 to 1906 director of the New York State Library, and from 1888 to 1900 secretary and executive officer of the University of the State of New York. In 1895 Dewey founded the Lake Placid Club with his wife Annie. He and his son Godfrey had been active in arranging the Winter Olympics which took place at Lake Placid—he was chairman of the New York State Winter Olympics Committee. In 1926 he went to Florida to establish a new branch of the Lake Placid Club. He died in Lake Placid, Florida.^[2]

Even Dewey's friends found his personality difficult, and he early in life established a pattern of making powerful enemies.^[3] As one biographer put it, "Although he did not lack friends, they were becoming weary of coming to his defense, so endless a process it had become.”^[4] He was removed from his position as New York State Librarian during a controversy over policies he had instituted at the Lake Placid Club restricting membership based on race and religion.^[5] Another biography refers to Dewey's "old nemesis—a persistent inability to control himself around women" as an ongoing cause of trouble on the job.^[6]

Dewey had been married (in turn) to Annie R. Godfrey and Emily McKay Beal^[2] He was a member of the American Library Association's Hall of Fame.

Work[link]

Dewey was a pioneer of American librarianship^[7] and an influential factor in the development of libraries in America in the beginning of the 20th century.^[8] He is best known for the decimal classification system that is used in most public and school libraries. But the decimal system was just one of a long list of innovations. Among them was the idea of the state library as controller of school and public library services within a state.^[9] Dewey is also known for the creation of hanging vertical files, which first introduced at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.^[10] In Boston, Massachusetts, he founded the Library Bureau, a private company "for the definite purpose of furnishing libraries with equipment and supplies of unvarying correctness and reliability."^[11]

Dewey Decimal Classification[link]

Spine Books Label show Call Number for Dewey Decimal Classification.

Immediately after receiving his undergraduate degree he was hired to manage Amherst's library and reclassify its collections. Dewey worked out a new scheme that superimposed a system of decimal numbers on a structure of knowledge first outlined by Sir Francis Bacon.^[12]

Dewey copyrighted the system in 1876. This system has proved to be enormously influential; though many American libraries have since adopted the classification scheme of the Library of Congress, Dewey's system remains in widespread use.^{[citation needed]}

American Library Association[link]

In 1877 Dewey moved to Boston, where he founded and became editor of The Library Journal, which became an influential factor in the development of libraries in America, and in the reform of their administration. He was also one of the founders of the American Library Association, of which he was secretary from 1876 to 1891, and president in 1891 and 1893.^[8]

School of Library Economy[link]

Interior of the New York State Library, late 19th century.

In 1883 Dewey became librarian of Columbia College, and in the following year founded there the School of Library Economy, the first institution for the instruction of librarians ever organized. This school, which was very successful, was removed to Albany in 1890, where it was re-established as the State Library School under his direction.^[8]

During the period from 1888 to 1906 Dewey was also director of the New York State Library, and until 1900 he was secretary of the University of the State of New York as well. In that function he completely reorganized the state library, making it one of the most efficient in America, as well as established the system of state travelling libraries and picture collections. In 1885, he founded the New York Library Club there.^[11]

Metric system advocacy[link]

As an enthusiastic supporter of the metric system, Dewey established the American Metric Bureau.^[13] Dewey also served once again as its secretary.^[14]

Lake Placid Club and spelling reform[link]

Lake Placid from the Whiteface Mountain gondola.

Late in his life Dewey helped found the Lake Placid Club as a health resort. His theories of spelling reform (to which end he founded the Spelling Reform Association in 1886)^[11] found some local success at Lake Placid: there is an "Adirondac Loj" in the area, and dinner menus of the club featured his spelling reform. A September 1927 menu is headed "Simpler spelin" and features dishes like Hadok, Poted beef with noodls, Parsli or Masht potato, Butr, Steamd rys, Letis, and Ys cream. It also advises guests that "All shud see the butiful after-glo on mountains to the east just befor sunset. Fyn vu from Golfhous porch."

Dewey was an early promoter of winter sports in Lake Placid and was active in arranging the 1932 Winter Olympics there. He also was a founder of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation in 1922. Under his leadership the Northwood School (Lake Placid, New York) prospered. He was also a founder of the Adirondack Music Festival in 1925, and served as a trustee of the Chautauqua Institution.

In 1926 he established a southern branch of the Lake Placid Club in Florida. Dewey was the proponent of Lake Stearns in Florida formally changing its name to Lake Placid, Florida.

Selected publications[link]

• 1876 Classification and subject index for cataloguing and arranging the books and pamphlets of a library. Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood, & Brainard Company (44 pages).
• 1885 Decimal classification and relative index for arranging, cataloguing, and indexing public and private libraries and for pamphlets, clippings, notes, scrap books, index rerums, etc.: Second edition, revised and greatly enlarged. Boston: Library Bureau (314 pages).
• 1886 Librarianship as a profession for college-bred women. An address delivered before the Association of collegiate alumnæ, on March 13, 1886, by Melvil Dewey. Boston: Library Bureau.
• 1887 Library notes: improved methods and labor-savers for librarians, readers and writers. Boston: Library Bureau.
• 1895 Abridged decimal classification and relative index for libraries. Boston: Library Bureau.
• 1898 Simplified library school rules. Boston, London [etc.]: Library Bureau.
• 1889 Libraries as related to the educational work of the state. Albany.
• 1890 Statistics of libraries in the state of New York numbering over 300 volumes. Albany.
• 1894 Library school rules: 1. Card catalog rules; 2. Accession book rules; 3. Shelf list rules.
• 1904 A.L.A. catalog Washington: Government Printing Office.

See also[link]

• Public Library Advocacy
• History of Public Library Advocacy

References[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Further reading[link]

• George Grosvenor Dawe (1932). Melvil Dewey, Seer: Inspirer: Doer, 1851–1931. Lake Placid Club, N.Y.: Melvil Dewey Biography.
• Wayne A. Wiegand (1996). Irrepressible Reformer: A Biography of Melvil Dewey. Chicago: American Library Association.

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Melvil Dewey

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Melvil Dewey

• Works by Melvil Dewey at Project Gutenberg
• What's so great about the Dewey Decimal System? – contains biographical information
• "Melvil Dewey dead in Florida", The New York Times, December 27, 1931.
• Library Bureau founded by Dewey in 1876.
• Children of the Code – Dewey on Spelling Reform (including online video excerpts)
• New York Public Library. Portraits of Dewey
• Works by or about Melvil Dewey in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Melvil Dewey at Find a Grave