- published: 28 Dec 2015
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A Directorial Republic is a country ruled by a College of several people which jointly exercise the powers of Head of State. This system of government is in contrast both with presidential republics and parliamentary republics. In political history, the term Directory, in French Directoire, applies to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. The most important of these by far was the Directory of 1795–1799 in France. This form of government was also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
In modern times, the sole country using this form of government is Switzerland, where directories rule all levels of administration, federal, cantonal and municipal. The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Parliament for four years (members can't be dismissed); direct popular elections are used at local level. In past, Uruguay, Yugoslavia (after Tito's death), Ukraine, and other countries were ruled by directories. The government of the Soviet Union could in some ways be characterized as a directory, but developed in a much different pattern discussed in the article on Communist states.
Max Landis (born August 3, 1985) is an American screenwriter.
The son of director John Landis and costume designer and historian Deborah Nadoolman Landis, Max Landis was born in Beverly Hills, California. A bad fit for conventional schooling, he left Beverly Hills High School for a therapeutic boarding school in New England, still graduating with a Beverly Hills High School degree. Since he started writing screenplays at 16, Landis has written 68.
Landis sold his first script at the age of 18, a collaboration with his father, director John Landis, on the Masters of Horror episode "Deer Woman." He would later be asked to return to the series in its second incarnation, Fear Itself, independently penning the episode "Something with Bite." He also wrote for Bluewater Productions' Return To Mysterious Island, a 2008 comic series.
While attending the University of Miami, Landis wrote numerous shorts which were produced by students in the school's film program. Upon leaving the university, Landis went on a "spec-selling streak," having three of his pitches optioned within six months. First, Landis sold Chronicle to producer John Davis and 20th Century Fox's Davis Entertainment. The Chronicle script was previously included on the Black List, an annual compendium of the year's best unproduced screenplays. A documentary-style movie about three Seattle teenagers that develop superpowers after encountering a strange substance in the woods, Chronicle was directed by Josh Trank. Landis has said that the film is not typical of other movies with superpowered characters.