In 2014, two American journalists, two British aid workers, several Lebonese solders, and an unknown number of Syrian soldiers were
beheaded by the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (IS/ISIL/ISIS), a radical
Sunni Islamist group operating in
Iraq and parts of
Syria, and
beheading videos were posted to
social media. A central figure, nicknamed "
Jihadi John", a member of the IS cell known as
the Beatles, appears in several videos speaking English with an English accent, and appears to be the executioner.
The beheadings received wide coverage and condemnation in the US and EU. Political scientist Max Abrahms posited that ISIL may be using well-publicized beheadings as a means of differentiating itself from Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), and identifying itself with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the jihadi who beheaded Daniel Pearl.
Executions
James Foley
James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973 August 19, 2014) was an American freelance journalist and
photojournalist of the
Syrian Civil War when he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern
Syria. Foley was the first American citizen to be killed by Jihadi John. Foley's beheading by ISIL received wide condemnation in the United States.
Steven Sotloff
Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an
Israeli-American journalist for
TIME magazine and
The Jerusalem Post, although the
Post disavowed any relationship once Sotloff's life was threatened. In 2013, he was kidnapped in
Aleppo, Syria, and was held captive by Islamic militants. On September 2, 2014, a video was released purporting to show Jihadi John beheading Sotloff.
Ali al-Sayyed
Lebanese Army Sergeant Ali al-Sayyed (July 15, 1985c. August 28, 2014) was beheaded following his capture by ISIL during the
Battle of Arsal. ISIL member Abu Musaab Hafid al-Baghdadi posted pictures of his beheading on Twitter. The beheading sparked public outrage in Lebanon. Sergeant Al-Sayed's body was delivered to Lebanese authorities on September 1, and the body confirmed through DNA tests on September 2. His funeral ceremony was held on September 3, with family, friends, members of the public, comrades, and Lebanese Army Commander Gen.
Jean Kahwaji.
Abbas Medlej
Lebanese Army soldier Abbas Medlej is believed to have been beheaded following an attempted escape from his captors. ISIL members claim that he was contained following an escape attempt, where he fired upon his captors, according to comments made by an IS Leader on the Turkish Anatolia news channel. Gruesome photos of the slaughtered soldier were posted on several pro-jihadist
Twitter accounts on September 6. Abbas Medlej was captured by ISIL during the
Battle of Arsal.
Kurdish soldier
An unidentified
Kurdish soldier was beheaded following capture.
Syrian soldiers
Photos of the executions by beheading of a number of Syrian soldiers were posted by ISIL members to social media on July 25. The reports said up to 75 Syrian soldiers from a captured base were beheaded with their heads and bodies displayed along the streets.
David Haines
David Cawthorne Haines (May 9, 1970 – September 13, 2014) was a British aid worker. He was abducted in March 2013 by ISIL while working in Syria for the aid group
ACTED assessing refugee camp locations in the north of the country. He was kidnapped near the Atmeh refugee camp near the Turkish border and the Syrian province of
Idlib.
Haines' family requested that his abduction be kept a secret. The abduction became public when Haines appeared in the purported Sotloff execution video, being held by Jihadi John who threatened that Haines would be the next victim. The UK Foreign Office originally requested the British media to not publish Haines' identity, fearing for his safety, though international press had published his name.
A video of the lead-up and aftermath of Haines' beheading, entitled "A Message to the Allies of America", was released by ISIL on September 13, 2014.
Alan Henning
Alan Henning (August 15, 1967 – c. October 3, 2014) was a British
humanitarian aid worker. Henning was the fourth Western hostage killed by ISIL. Henning was captured during ISIL's occupation of the Syrian city of
Al-Dana in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief. The
British Foreign Office withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Henning was shown at the end of Haines's execution video, released on September 13, 2014, and referred to by "
Jihadi John" as the next victim. A video of Henning's beheading was released by ISIL on October 3, 2014.
Hervé Gourdel
Hervé Gourdel (September 12, 1959 – September 24, 2014) was a French citizen and
mountaineering guide. Gourdel was kidnapped on September 21, 2014, while hiking in the
Djurdjura National Park in Algeria.
The following day, a recently formed ISIL affiliate in Algeria, Jund al-Khilafah, released a video which showed Gourdel being held hostage. The group threatened to kill Gourdel if the French government continued to conduct airstrikes against the Islamic State. On September 24, they carried through on threats to behead him after a 24-hour deadline passed. The beheading was captured in a video titled "A Message of Blood for French Government."
The video is similar to other ISIL beheading videos. It opens with a news clip of French President François Hollande and a title screen. It then shows Gourdel handcuffed and kneeling in front of four armed masked men. After Gourdel delivers a statement, one of the militants reads a statement. In it he declares that this kidnapping and execution were in response to the order of ISIL spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani to attack citizens of countries participating in the US-led coalition against the Islamic State. Like the other IS beheading videos, it does not show the actual beheading, but the final scene does show Gourdel's dead body with his severed head in his lap, and then the fighters holding it up.
The day after the beheading, approximately 2,000 Algerian soldiers and 500 marines assisted by helicopters and sniffer dogs searched the Tizi Ouzou region to try to find the militants responsible for the beheading. A spokesman for the Algerian government reiterated its commitment to protecting foreign residents living inside the country, which includes around 30,000 French citizens.
Kobane and Eastern Syria beheadings
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported on October 1 that ISIL had beheaded 1o individuals near
Kobane, Syria - two male and three female Kurdish fighters, four Syrian Arab rebels and a male Kurdish civilian. "I don't know why they were arrested or beheaded. Only the Islamic State knows why. They want to scare people," according to Rami Abdulrahman. He also reported ISIL has used beheadings in eastern Syria to scare local leaders of Sunni Mulsim tribes to withdraw from the battlefield. The beheadings are often carried out in public and the public is told that any violent or non-violent dissent will not be tolerated.
Khaled Sharrouf incident
In 2014, Khaled Sharrouf, an Australian citizen, joined ISIL, which was proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation. Sharrouf's activities received wide coverage in Australia following his posting of a photo of his seven-year-old son holding the decapitated head of a Syrian soldier. The incident was strongly condemned by Australian leaders and by the public. Sharrouf's activities are thought to be
war crimes. The incident raised concerns about
Australian Muslims being recruited for terrorist activity abroad, and the possibility that the recruits would return to Australia and conduct further attacks.
ISIL-allied Taliban in Afghanistan
On September 20, 2014, local officials in
Ghazni Province, Afghanistan reported that
Taliban insurgents from different regions of the country lead by camouflaged men wearing black masks had captured several villages, set at least 60 homes on fire, killed more than 100 people and beheaded fifteen family members of local police officers. The masked insurgents reportedly carried the
black flag of ISIL, openly called themselves soldiers of
Daesh, and did not speak any local languages.
Deputy Police Chief General Asadullah Ensafi reported that Taliban ambushes stopped reinforcements from the Afghan National Army and provincial police from reaching the area. Afghan commandos inserted by helicopter were able to reinforce units already defending the area and Ensafi reported that the "immediate threat to district's center had been nullified."
Threatened executions
Peter Kassig
Peter Edward Kassig, age 26, was born and raised in
Indianapolis, Indiana. He is the son of Ed (a school teacher) and Paula Kassig (a nurse). He is a former student of
North Central High School in Indianapolis (2006), a former
U.S. Army Ranger (with
1st Battalion,
75th Ranger Regiment, from June 2006 to September 2007), and was thereafter a student at
Hanover College (which he attended from 2007–09) and
Butler University (which he attended from spring 2011 to 2012, majoring in political science).
Kassig was working in Syria and Lebanon as a humanitarian worker, aiding Syrian refugees through Special Emergency Response and Assistance (SERA), a non-governmental organisation he founded in 2012 to provide refugees in Lebanon and Syria with medical assistance, supplies, clothing, and food. Kassing trained as a medical assistant, and provided trauma care to Syrians who were injured, and helped train others to provide medical aid.
While delivering food and medical supplies to refugees, Kassig was taken captive by the ISIL on October 1, 2013, as he was on his way to Deir Ezzour in eastern Syria. He changed his name to Abdul-Rahman Kassig after converting to Islam while in captivity, sometime between October and December 2013. He was kept in a cell with French journalist Nicolas Henin and British journalist John Cantlie, and beaten regularly.
Kassig was named as the next victim to be beheaded in the video released by ISIL militents on 3 October 2014 that showed Alan Henning's beheading, and was shown in the video wearing a Guantánamo Bay-era style orange jump suit. On 6 October 2014, his family sent a video message to the Islamic State and asked for mercy for their son, and that same day, a British member of ISIL released a video condemning Britain's air attacks on ISIL and their alliance with the United States.
Alleged Australian beheading plot
In a pre-dawn
police raid on September 18, 2014, Australian law enforcement detained 15 individuals in Sydney and
Brisbane who were allegedly plotting a "demonstration execution". The purported plan was to kidnap a random resident of Sydney and behead the individual on camera, draped in the black flag of the Islamic State.
International response
The day after the video of the
execution of Sotloff surfaced, British Prime Minister
David Cameron told the
House of Commons: "I am sure the whole House, and the whole country, will join with me in condemning the sickening and brutal murder of another American hostage, and share our shock and anger that it again appears to have been carried out by a British citizen. All our thoughts are with the British hostage and his family. Their ordeal is unimaginable." He concluded: "A country like ours will not be cowed by these barbaric killers. If they think we will weaken in the face of their threats, they are wrong. It will have the opposite effect. We will be more forthright in the defence of the values, liberty under the rule of law, freedom, democracy that we hold dear."
Soon after the David Haines video surfaced, British Prime Minister David Cameron released a statement by Twitter: "The murder of David Haines is an act of pure evil. My heart goes out to his family who have shown extraordinary courage and fortitude. We will do everything in our power to hunt down these murderers and ensure they face justice, however long it takes."
The White House released this statement via Twitter: "The United States strongly condemns the barbaric murder of UK citizen David Haines by the terrorist group ISIL [ISIS.] Our hearts go out to the family of Mr. Haines and to the people of the United Kingdom. The United States stands shoulder to shoulder tonight with our close friend and ally in grief and resolve. We will work with the United Kingdom and a broad coalition of nations from the region and around the world to bring the perpetrators of this outrageous act to justice, and to degrade and destroy this threat to the people of our countries, the region and the world."
The British Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU) has been working to "take extremist material off the internet" and has removed over 28,000 pieces of "unlawful terrorist-related content" between December 2013 and August 2014.
In response the beheading of journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff, Agence France-Presse (AFP) released a statement saying that it would "no longer accept work from freelance journalists who travel to places where we ourselves would not venture." including Syria. The Boston-based GlobalPost, for whom Foley had been a contributor, released a statement saying "While we continue to send staff correspondents to Syria, we no longer accept freelance work from that war zone."
Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was lead by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country. French president François Hollande said Gourdel’s beheading was “cowardly” and “cruel,” and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.
See also
Beheading in Islamism
Beheading video
The Beatles, terrorist cell of the Islamic State that guarded and beheaded a number of hostages
Notes
References
Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant activities
Category:Foreign hostages in Syria
Category:Kidnappings by Islamists
Category:People executed by Jihadi John