In baseball statistics, earned run average (ERA) is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched. It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine. Runs resulting from defensive errors (including pitchers' defensive errors) are recorded as unearned runs and are not used to determine ERA.

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Henry Chadwick is credited with first devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after relief pitching came into vogue in the 1900s. Prior to 1900 – and, in fact, for many years afterward – pitchers were routinely expected to pitch a complete game, and their win-loss record was considered sufficient in determining their effectiveness.

Some means had to be found to determine and calculate the apportionment of earned-run responsibility where multiple pitchers have performed in a single game. Since pitchers have sole responsibility to put opposing batters out, they must assume responsibility when a batter they do not retire at the plate moves to base, and eventually reaches home, scoring a run. A pitcher is assessed an earned run for each earned run scored by a batter (or pinch-runner) who reached base while batting against that pitcher. After pitchers like James Otis Crandall and Charlie Hall made names for themselves as relief specialists, gauging a pitcher's effectiveness became more difficult using the traditional method of tabulating wins and losses. The National League first kept official earned run average statistics in 1912 (the statistic was called "Heydler's statistic" for a while, after then-NL secretary John Heydler), with the American League following suit afterward.

Adidja Palmer (born 7 January 1976)- better known as Vybz Kartel, is a Jamaican dancehall artist, songwriter and businessman. He has many nicknames, including: Addi, The Teacher, World Boss, Kartel, Vybz, Gaza General and Gaza Don.

Adidja Palmer began his career as a teenager in 1993 with his first recording "Love Fat Woman", released on Alvin Reid's label "One Heart", using the moniker "Adi Banton", a homage to Buju Banton. Palmer was later part of the three-member group "Vybez Cartel", keeping the slightly altered name after group split up, and became a protege of Bounty Killer, for whom he claims to have written nearly 30 songs, including "Gal Clown".

Vybz Kartel rose to prominence in 2003 after a string of hits in Jamaica. The year culminated in a pre-planned on-stage clash with Ninjaman at the annual dancehall festival Sting in Kartel's hometown of Portmore. The clash turned violent when Kartel's crewmembers, as well as Kartel himself, threw punches and assaulted Ninjaman onstage. While Kartel's manager initially blamed Ninjaman for the fracas, Kartel himself quickly apologised to Ninjaman and Sting organizers for the fracas. Four days after the incident, the two artists appeared before the press to announce a settlement of their differences and to end any animosity.

Adriano Celentano (Italian pronunciation: [adriˈano tʃelenˈtano]; born 6 January 1938) is an Italian singer, songwriter, comedian, actor, film director and TV host.

Celentano is the best-selling artist in Italy with Mina, and the best-selling male italian singer with more than 150 million records to date.

Celentano was born in Milan at 14 Via Gluck, about which he later wrote the famous song "Il ragazzo della via Gluck" ("The boy from Gluck Street"). His parents were from Foggia, in Apulia, and had moved north for work.

According to urban legend, before beginning his singing career, Celentano was a student of Ghigo Agosti during Agosti's 1955-1956 Northern Italian tour, which was also guitarist Giorgio Gaber's debut.

Heavily influenced by his idol Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock revolution and by the American actor Jerry Lewis, he has retained his popularity in Italy for the last 40 years, selling millions of records and appearing in numerous TV shows and movies. In the latter respect, he has also been a creator of a comic genre, with his characteristic walking and his facial expressions. For the most part, his films were commercially successful; indeed in the 1970s and part of the 1980s, he was the king of the Italian box office in low budget movies. As an actor, critics point to Serafino (1968), directed by Pietro Germi, as his best performance.

Claudia Mori (born Claudia Moroni, Rome, 12 February 1944), is an Italian actress, singer, television producer, and wife of the singer Adriano Celentano.

She began her career in show business as an actress playing in musicals, but also in major films such as Rocco e i suoi fratelli (Rocco and His Brothers) by Luchino Visconti and Sodoma e Gomorra (Sodom and Gomorrah) by Robert Aldrich.

In 1963 she met Adriano Celentano on the film set of Uno strano tipo ("A Strange Type"). Surprisingly, Celentano left his girlfriend Milena Cantù, and in 1964 he married Claudia, secretly in the night, at the church of San Francesco in Grosseto. She bore three children: Rosita (1965), Giacomo (1966) and Rosalinda (1968).

In 1964, she acted in Super rapina a Milano ("The Great Robbery in Milan"), the first film directed by Celentano. Since then her acting career suffered a setback, in favor of that as singer, in 1964, in fact, with Non guardarmi ("Do Not Look at Me"), she recorded her first album. The flip side of the vinyl record includes a cover of Little Eva, Quello che ti dico ("What I Say", The Locomotion).

Ninetto Davoli (born 11 October 1948 as Giovanni Davoli) is an Italian actor who became known through his roles in several of Pier Paolo Pasolini's films.

Davoli was born in San Pietro a Maida, Calabria. He was discovered by poet, novelist and film director Pier Paolo Pasolini, who had begun a relationship with Davoli, then a 15 year old boy, in 1963.

First cast in a non-speaking role in the film Il vangelo secondo Matteo (The Gospel According to St. Matthew, 1964), Davoli next co-starred with celebrated comic Totò in Uccellacci e uccellini (The Hawks and the Sparrows, 1966). He played mostly comical-naïve roles in several more of Pasolini's films, the last of which was Il fiore delle Mille e una Notte (A Thousand and One Nights/Arabian Nights, 1974).

After Pasolini's death in 1975, Davoli turned increasingly to television productions.

Ninetto Davoli at the Internet Movie Database