NPR, formerly National Public Radio, is a privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization that serves as a national syndicator to a network of 900 public radio stations in the United States.
NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced. Most public radio stations broadcast a mixture of NPR programs, content from rival providers American Public Media, Public Radio International and Public Radio Exchange, and locally produced programs. NPR's flagships are two drive time news broadcasts, Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered; both are carried by most NPR member stations, and are two of the most popular radio programs in the country.
NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System, which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International. Its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts.
Public broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing.
Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages.
Historically, in many countries (with the notable exception of the US), public broadcasting was once the only form or the dominant form of broadcasting. Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century.[citation needed]
The primary mission of public broadcasting that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen. The British model has been widely accepted as a universal definition. The model embodies the following principles:
Malcolm X ( /ˈmælkəm ˈɛks/; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Arabic: الحاجّ مالك الشباز), was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.
Malcolm X's father died—killed by white supremacists, it was rumored—when he was young, and at least one of his uncles was lynched. When he was thirteen, his mother was placed in a mental hospital, and he was placed in a series of foster homes. In 1946, at age 20, he went to prison for breaking and entering.
In prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam and after his parole in 1952 he quickly rose to become one of its leaders. For a dozen years Malcolm X was the public face of the controversial group, but disillusionment with Nation of Islam head Elijah Muhammad led him to leave the Nation in March 1964. After a period of travel in Africa and the Middle East, he returned to the United States, where he founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. In February 1965, less than a year after leaving the Nation of Islam, he was assassinated by three members of the group.
Avram Noam Chomsky (/ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski/; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher,cognitive scientist, historian, and activist. He is an Institute Professor and Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, where he has worked for over 50 years. Chomsky has been described as the "father of modern linguistics" and a major figure of analytic philosophy. His work has influenced fields such as computer science, mathematics, and psychology.
Ideologically identifying with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism, Chomsky is known for his critiques of U.S. foreign policy and contemporary capitalism, and he has been described as a prominent cultural figure. His media criticism has included Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), co-written with Edward S. Herman, an analysis articulating the propaganda model theory for examining the media.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992, and was the eighth most cited source overall. Chomsky is the author of over 100 books. He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, and the Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem.
Ryan Lewis | |
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Ryan Lewis (back) performing with Macklemore (front) at Sasquatch! Music Festival |
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Background information | |
Born | (1988-03-25) March 25, 1988 (age 24) Spokane, Washington, U.S. |
Origin | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
Genres | Hip hop |
Occupations | Producer, DJ |
Years active | 2006–present |
Associated acts | Macklemore |
Website | rlewis.com |
Ryan Lewis (born March 25, 1988) is an American music producer, musician, music video director, photographer, graphic designer, rapper and DJ currently based in Seattle. He is best known for his collaboration with American rapper Macklemore (Ben Haggerty) producing Macklemore & Ryan Lewis — The VS. EP (2009), The Heist (2012) and a handful of other singles. Since the beginning of their collaboration in late 2008, Ryan has produced, recorded, engineered and mixed all of the music, directed music videos ("Same Love", "Thrift Shop", "And We Danced", "Otherside (Remix)"), designed visuals (album art, web design, posters) and DJed the live show.
In a recent mini-documentary, Lewis recalled meeting Macklemore for the first time. "When I met him, it was a really different time. It was less than a year after [2005's] Language of My World had come out. So he had buzz. For me being a young kid, it was very exciting to link with him. The bulk of our original relationship was photo shoots. I became kind of his photographer."[1]
Contents |
On October 9, 2012, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis released The Heist. The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard charts and #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums, selling 78,000 copies in the first week.[2] The album also debuted at #1 on iTunes Digital Albums chart.[3] The duo's album has received more than 1 million plays on SoundCloud, 70 million YouTube views and was accompanied by a sold-out 50-date U.S. and Canadian tour.[4]
(All credited to Macklemore & Ryan Lewis)
Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Sales | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US [5] |
US R&B [6] |
US Rap [7] |
AUS [8] |
BEL (FL) [9] |
CAN [10] |
FR [11] |
NZ [12] |
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The Heist (with Macklemore) |
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2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 175 | 4 | 186 | 24 | |
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |
Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Tracklist |
---|---|---|---|
US | |||
The VS. EP |
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– |
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The VS. Redux |
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– |
|
Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Certifications | Album | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US [15] |
US Alt. [16] |
US R&B [17] |
US Rap [18] |
AUS [8] |
CAN [19] |
FRA [20] |
GER [21] |
IRL [22] |
NZ [12] |
||||
"My Oh My" (with Macklemore) |
2010 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | The Heist | |
"Wing$"[A] (with Macklemore) |
2011 | — | — | 57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
"Can't Hold Us" (with Macklemore featuring Ray Dalton) |
113 | — | 39 | — | — | — | 186 | — | 24 | — | |||
"Same Love"[B] (with Macklemore featuring Mary Lambert) |
2012 | 117 | — | 36 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | ||
"Thrift Shop" (with Macklemore featuring Wanz) |
1 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 50 | 13 | 1 | |||
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |
Persondata | |
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Name | Lewis, Ryan |
Alternative names | |
Short description | American music producer |
Date of birth | March 25, 1988 |
Place of birth | Puyallup, Washington, U.S. |
Date of death | |
Place of death |